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Discussion Abounds on the Potential Carcinogenic Risks Associated With the Use of UV Curing Lamps for Permanent Nail Polish
Controversias sobre los riesgos procarcinogénicos asociados al uso de lámparas ultravioleta polimerizadoras para el esmaltado permanente de uñas
Laboratorio de Fotobiología Dermatológica, Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias, Departamento de Medicina y Dermatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Aguilera, R.J. Bosch, M.V. de Gálvez" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Aguilera" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "jaguilera@uma.es" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R.J." "apellidos" => "Bosch" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.V." "apellidos" => "de Gálvez" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Laboratorio de Fotobiología Dermatológica, Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias, Departamento de Medicina y Dermatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Controversias sobre los riesgos procarcinogénicos asociados al uso de lámparas ultravioleta polimerizadoras para el esmaltado permanente de uñas" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 1 "multimedia" => array:5 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx1.jpeg" "Alto" => 597 "Ancho" => 1333 "Tamanyo" => 72116 ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In recent years, the practice of permanent nail enamel as a form of nail<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> extension using highly resistant moldable materials that provide durability and aesthetics has been on the rise.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The most common types of nail enamels are acrylic and gel nails—manufactured from an artificial mixture of liquid acrylate monomers that are applied to the natural nail—require exposure to UV light lamps to polymerize and harden the monomer.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Currently, the use of these UV polymerization lamps is controversial, especially after an article published by Zhivagui et al. in 2023,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> which concluded that acute exposure to the UV light emitted by these lamps resulted in significant damage to the DNA of mouse embryo fibroblasts. These results have raised concerns on the potential carcinogenic risk of long-term exposure to long-wave UV light associated with this cosmetic practice throughout life. This new potential risk to the skin adds to other conditions such as allergic reactions to artificial nail components,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> or other mid- and long-term issues.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,6</span></a> However, both the experimental model used (cell cultures) and the doses used by this and other studies vary significantly from the real-world conditions of a nail salon. The doses need to be quantified under real exposure conditions during a manicure session, making such doses more understandable by comparing them to solar exposure in our daily lives.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main objective of this study was to evaluate the emission power of 2 types of standard nail polymerization lamps: fluorescent type I UVA lamps and the currently more widely used dual LED lamps (375<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm and 405<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Real exposure doses were simulated in the standard protocol for using polymerization lamps in the nail salon, and these doses were compared to those obtained at the same wavelengths in solar exposure during a summer day at noon in mid-latitude regions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,9</span></a> Potential doses for various UV-dependent biological effects were calculated.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Material and methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After consulting 10 nail salons, 2 standard models of UV polymerization lamps were selected: 1) fluorescent UVA lamp (Ocio Dual 36W, 4X UVAPL 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W/s); and 2) LEDs (Star Lamp 375-405<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W) or lamps with dual LEDs UVA and high-energy visible (HEVIS) light, which are currently replacing fluorescent lamps (used in 8 out of the 10 consulted salons) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figure 1</a>). The emission spectra of these lamps were measured after 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes of warming up by placing a Ulbrich sphere sensor connected to a double monochromator spectroradiometer MACAM SR-9901 (Irradian Co., Scotland, United Kingdom) in the same position where hands are usually placed (8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm). A total of 5 measurements were taken per device in the 290<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm to 450<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm interval. The total irradiance emitted by the devices in this spectral range was calculated and compared with spectral measurements of the sun for a typical summer day (June-August) at noon. Additionally, the effective biological irradiance of each lighting source was calculated for the different biological effects seen in the 290<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm to 450<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm interval by convoluting, for each wavelength of the measured irradiance spectrum, by the corresponding relative value of the action spectrum for each biological effect mainly dependent on UVB (erythema,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> DNA damage,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,10</span></a> non-melanoma skin cancer<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>), UVA, and HEVIS light (permanent pigmentation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> and immunosuppression in humans).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Based on the spectral irradiance data, the doses obtained from each lamp during the standard passes of a nail drying session with these types of lamps (3 120-second passes with the fluorescent lamps and 3 60-second passes with the LEDs) were calculated. Data extracted from the website: <a href="http://www.nenha.com/">www.Nenha.com</a> and phone consultation). The dose of UVA-high-energy visible light (UVA-HEVIS light 350<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm to 440<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm) obtained from the sun at noon on a summer day for a total of 22.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes, which is the time needed to reach a minimum erythemal dose for skin phototype II with a UV index of 9.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14,15</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Results</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a> illustrates the solar emission spectrum measured at 14:00<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours on a summer day vs the spectrum of the 2 studied polymerization lamps (fluorescent and dual LEDs). The solar spectrum showed a growing irradiance increase from 290<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm up to 450<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm, while the fluorescent lamp started at 350<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm, with maximum spectral irradiance values of 365<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm up to 370<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm. More than 95% of the spectral emission of these fluorescent lamps was in the 350 nm-to-400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm range. The dual LED lamp showed a spectrum with 2 emission peaks, at 375<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm and 405<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm, emitting approximately up to 440<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm, with 78% UVA type I emission and 22% high-energy visible light (blue/violet).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The UVB irradiance (290-320<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm) measured in sunlight (midday summer) was 0.32 mW/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>, while the UVA irradiance (320-400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm) was 5.72 mW/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">table 1</a>). In the UVA-HEVIS range, which corresponds to the emission of fluorescent and LED polymerization lamps (350-440<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm), solar irradiance was 9.02 mW/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>, which is similar to the irradiance emitted by the dual LED (9.08 mW/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>), while fluorescent irradiance was 10.42 mW/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>. The potential solar irradiance of the sun for biological effects, mainly UVB-dependent, such as DNA damage, was almost 1000 times more potent than the one emitted by the polymerization lamps, 10 times more potent regarding erythema induction, and 15 times more potent regarding potential non-melanoma skin cancer induction (0.046 mW/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> from the sunlight vs 0.003 mW/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> from the polymerization lamps). Regarding more UVA-HEVIS light-dependent biological effects, such as permanent pigmentation, solar and lamp irradiances were similar, Regarding immunosuppression, however, the irradiances of the polymerization lamps were higher (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">table 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The real dose comparison data received in standard treatments (3 drying passes in each manicure session) vs solar exposure are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">table 2</a>. The solar doses of UVA-HEVIS light that would be received at midday in the spectral range, which are similar to those emitted by the drying lamps (350<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm up to 440<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm) during the time corresponding to a minimal erythemal dose for a phototype II (25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mJ/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> erythemal in approximately 22.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes) were calculated. This dose was 119.06<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>J/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>, while the one produced in a LED polymerization lamp session (3 60-second passes) was 1.87<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>J/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and 3.26<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>J/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> for fluorescent lamps. This UVA-HEVIS light dose reached by the LED lamp is consistent to what would be obtained under the sun at noon after 3.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes of exposure, while the dose obtained under the standard 36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W fluorescent lamp would be consistent with a 6-minute exposure to sunlight at noon.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discussion</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gel nails have gained popularity in recent years. There is a significant correlation between the prevalence of permanent nail use and the reported incidence of adverse events associated with their use,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,6</span></a> such as contact dermatitis to acrylics, the main elements of artificial nails.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,16–19</span></a> These reactions affect both clients and workers who manipulate resins and is a potential cause for work disability, as they can penetrate rubber, vinyl, and nitrile gloves.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16,18</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present study, the potential risk associated with exposure to UV sources used in the polymerization of resins for artificial nail making was addressed, including both fluorescent lamps and the more recently used LED lamps. The data showed that both fluorescent and LED lamps emitted irradiance in the range corresponding to the spectrum emitted by these lamps (350<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm up to 440<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm), which is similar to the measurements taken under the sun at noon during an average summer day (14:00<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours), with total irradiance values between 9 mW/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and 10.5 mW/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>. These irradiance values are similar to those reported by former studies which analyzed the carcinogenic risks of such drying lamps.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These risks are currently a matter of discussion on the potential photo-carcinogenicity associated with using these types of devices. On one hand, the potential procarcinogenic action of repeated use of these lamps has been described in former studies. In 2009, 2 cases of healthy women with appearance of squamous cell carcinoma on the dorsal part of their hands were reported. These cases were associated with the frequent use of UV lamps for nails, although one patient had previously exhibited multiple actinic keratosis on her face and arms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> In 2019, a case was presented involving the appearance of 2 squamous cell carcinomas and 25 actinic keratoses on the back of the hands of a woman with an 18-year history of using UV hand lamps every 3 weeks, and an 18-year history of using tanning beds on a weekly basis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> The authors said that there was a correlation between dosage and carcinoma generation. Finally, another case of squamous cell carcinoma appearance, both on the hands and feet, due to continued use of UV nail drying lamps, was described in a patient with a personal 40-year history of hydrochlorothiazide use. The product's photosensitivity, along with continued exposure over so many years, could be the cause of these cancerous lesions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The possible procarcinogenic cause/effect of these lamps lies in the emitted spectrum and potential for DNA damage.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> In the case of UVA fluorescent lamps, almost 100% of the emitted spectrum is in the 350 nm-to-400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm range, while in dual LED lamps, approximately 20% of emission is blue radiation close to 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm or HEVIS light. This means that their potential action vs biologically UVB-dependent effects (DNA damage, erythema, or non-melanoma skin cancer) is practically zero. UV lamps emitted 10 times less erythemal irradiance and 15 times less potential irradiance for the generation of non-melanoma skin cancer vs the sun. Similar results have been described by Shipp et al. (2014).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Their potential damage to DNA would be more related to their greater potential for generating oxidative stress and the generation of free radicals, resulting in increases in 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine. In 2023, Zhivagui et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> observed this after exposing mouse embryo cell cultures to 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>J/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> of UVA emitted by fluorescent lamps, or the equivalent of 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes of exposure to a 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W power device. The lighting conditions of the present study differ from real-world usage conditions, as we calculated in this study, where the actual exposure times are much shorter, and the use of murine cell models differs greatly from the skin structure under normal exposure conditions. Based on the results of our study, the real doses of the routine practice are 3 times lower for fluorescent devices already in disuse and almost 5 times lower in currently more commonly used LED devices. When comparing the calculations with the irradiances to which we are exposed to the sun, the radiation doses proved to be very low vs real life doses. The dose to which the hand is exposed during the 3 passes of manicure represents a dose of UVA and HEVIS light corresponding to 3.5 (under LEDs) or 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes (under fluorescents) in the sun at noon in summer in our latitudes. In fact, if we compare it to the potential erythemal dose or potential induction of non-melanoma skin cancer—which may be the exposure to these spectral sources under real-life conditions—the doses are even much lower. Markova and Weinstock already emphasized this by indicating that more than 10 000 nail polymerization sessions are needed to reach the effective dose of skin cancer induction that can be achieved with only 1 session of narrow-band UVB phototherapy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Regarding comparative dosimetry, in 2012, a study was presented on the evaluation of the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma under these UVA lamps based on a mathematical model that considered the age of onset regarding the use of these lamps and the years of use vs the doses of natural solar radiation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> A very low incidence rate was determined based on the number of years of use.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore, based on the data obtained from this study, under real conditions of normal use of these types of lamps, and compared to the sun, a very low procarcinogenic risk could be considered. If we also consider the use of LED technology, based on the results from this study, these doses are potentially even less harmful. However, the potential irradiance to generate UVA-HEVIS light-dependent biological effects, such as photoimmunosuppression or cutaneous hyperpigmentation is similar to that emitted by the sun. We should mention that our exposure to UV light under normal living conditions is cumulative, which means we would have to add exposure to the sun as well as exposure to all other artificial alternatives. Therefore, the effects are basically cumulative. It is advisable to use glasses, gloves, and/or very broad-spectrum topical photoprotectors on the skin areas adjacent to the nails, hands, and forearms, as proposed by other authors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26,27</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Funding</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research is part of the project funded by the State Program for the Generation of Knowledge and Strengthening of Scientific and Technological Development of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Grant/Aid No.: PID2020-117224RB-100. This study is part of the research of Instituto de Biomedicina de Malaga (IBIMA), and the Andalusian Government CTS-162 research working group.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2158069" "titulo" => "Graphical abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2158071" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0055" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1831210" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2158070" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Antecedentes" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Material y métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1831211" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaAceptado" => "2023-12-27" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1831211" "palabras" => array:7 [ 0 => "Acrilatos" 1 => "Cáncer piel" 2 => "Espectros de acción" 3 => "Esmaltado permanente" 4 => "Fotoinmunosupresión" 5 => "Radiación UVA" 6 => "Uñas de gel" ] ] ] "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1831210" "palabras" => array:7 [ 0 => "Acrylates" 1 => "Skin cancer" 2 => "Action spectrum" 3 => "Permanent nail polish" 4 => "Photoimmunosuppresion" 5 => "UVA radiation" 6 => "Gel nails" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Background</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Controversy has recently broken out over the potential carcinogenic risk associated with exposure to UV lamps for permanent nail polish. The new LED-based polymerization devices, and their potential biological effect has not been analyzed to this date.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Objective</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To evaluate the emission power and its potential biological effects on the skin of 2 types of UV LED and fluorescent curing lamps under normal use conditions compared to doses of sunlight exposure.</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The emission spectrum (290<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm to 450<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm) of curing lamps and the Sun at noon on an average summer day in mid-latitude Spain was analyzed. The effective biological irradiance potential for erythema, non-melanoma skin cancer, DNA damage, photoimmunosuppression and permanent pigmentation was also characterized.</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Results</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The high-energy UVA-visible irradiance emitted by these devices was similar to the one coming from the Sun in that spectral range while the effective biological doses were lower or similar to those also coming from the Sun. The total UV and high-energy visible dose per manicure session corresponded to that obtained from 3.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min to 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min exposures to the Sun at noon in the summer days at our latitudes.</p></span> <span id="abst0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The exposure times and doses received with the common use of artificial lamp nail drying correspond to sunlight exposures of 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min to 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min in the central hours of the day. This represents a very low carcinogenic potential compared to sunlight exposure, although similar regarding immunosuppressive potential. Photoprotective measures would further minimize the risks.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0055" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Antecedentes</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Recientemente ha surgido una polémica por el potencial procarcinogénico de la exposición a lámparas de rayos UVA necesarias para el esmaltado permanente de uñas. La entrada de nuevos dispositivos de polimerización a base de ledes y su potencial efecto biológico no ha sido analizado aún.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluar la potencia de emisión y su potencial de acción para efectos biológicos en la piel en 2 tipos de lámparas polimerizadoras UV ledes y fluorescentes en condiciones de uso habitual comparado con dosis de exposición solar.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Material y métodos</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se analizó el espectro de emisión (290-450<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm) de lámparas polimerizadoras y del sol al mediodía en un día medio de verano en latitudes medias de España. Se caracterizó además la irradiancia biológica efectiva potencial de generación de eritema, cáncer de piel no melanoma, daño al ADN, fotoinmunosupresión y pigmentación permanente.</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Resultados</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La irradiancia UVA-visible de alta energía emitida por los dispositivos fue similar a la emitida por el sol en esa franja espectral, y las dosis biológicas efectivas fueron menores o similares al sol. La dosis UV y visible de alta energía total por sesión de manicura correspondió a la obtenida entre 3,5-6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min al sol al mediodía en verano en nuestras latitudes.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los tiempos de exposición y las dosis recibidas en la práctica habitual del secado de uñas por lámparas artificiales corresponden a exposiciones solares de 3-5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutos en las horas centrales del día. Esto representa un potencial carcinogénico muy bajo comparado con la exposición solar, aunque similar en potencial inmunosupresor. Medidas de fotoprotección minimizarían aún más los riesgos potenciales.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Antecedentes" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Material y métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 607 "Ancho" => 904 "Tamanyo" => 82008 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Images of the polymerization lamps used in this study. A) Fluorescent lamp with tube arrangement. B) LED lamp. C) Image of the hand placed to measure the measurement distance (8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm) under the fluorescents. D) Placement of the sensor to measure the spectral irradiance of the LED lighting source.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1313 "Ancho" => 2101 "Tamanyo" => 167976 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Emission spectra of the sun and the LED and fluorescent polymerization lamps under test conditions (midday sun on an average summer day and lamps at 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm).</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Irradiance (mW/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sun \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LED \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fluorescent \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">UVB (290 nm up to 320 nm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">UVA (320 nm up to 400 nm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">UV 290 400 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">UVA-HEVIS light (350 nm up to 440 nm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10.42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Erythema \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.021 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.003 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">DNA damage \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0004 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.000001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.000005 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Non-melanoma skin cancer \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.046 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.003 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.003 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Permanent pigmentation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.297 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.521 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.422 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Human immunosuppression \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.182 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.250 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.331 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3555891.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Irradiance in physical and weighted units for different biological effects emitted by the sun at noon on an average summer day and LED and fluorescent polymerization lamps at different UV and HEVIS light spectral bands at normal usage distances (8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm).</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">They are compared with the dose for the same spectral range to which we are exposed to the sun during the time that would result in a minimum erythema dose for skin phototype II on a typical midday summer day (22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes). Additionally, the time under the sun corresponding to those total doses under artificial lamps is also shown.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sun (midday summer) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LED Lamp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fluorescent Lamp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">(22.5 mins for MED type II) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">(3 60-second passes) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">(3 120-second passes) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Total UVA-HEVIS light dose (J/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">119.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.87 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Time under the sun for that dose (min:sec) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22:30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3:25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6:00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3555890.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dose of UVA-HEVIS light emitted by dual LED and fluorescent tube polymerization lamps during a manicure session based on irradiance data in the 350 nm-to-440<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm range shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">table 1</a>.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx1.jpeg" "Alto" => 597 "Ancho" => 1333 "Tamanyo" => 72116 ] ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:27 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0140" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nail cosmetics" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "N. 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