Brief Communication
Adherence of Candida albicans and Malassezia Species to Skin Cells Induces Changes in the Expression of Genes Responsible for Heparan and Chondroitin Sulfate Chain Synthesis
La unión de Candida albicans y Malassezia spp. a células de piel promueve cambios de expresión en los genes responsables de la síntesis de las cadenas de heparán y condroitín sulfato
H. Ordialesa,b,c, F. Vázquez-Lópezd,e, M. Pevidaa,f, B. Vázquez-Losadad, F. Vázqueza,b,g, L.M. Quirósa,b,c, C. Martína,b,c,
Corresponding author
a Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (IUFV), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
b Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
c Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
d Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
e Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
f Centro Comunitario de Sangre y Tejidos del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
g Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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Se representa la abundancia relativa de los transcritos de genes implicados en la polimerización de las cadenas de HS (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EXT1</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EXT2</span>) y de las cadenas de CS (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHSY1</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHSY3</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHPF</span>), en ausencia de levaduras (barras negras), en presencia de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C.</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">albicans</span> (barras gris oscuro), en presencia de la forma filamentada de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C.</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">albicans</span> (barras gris claro) y en presencia de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> spp. (barras blancas).</p> <p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los resultados se expresan en escala logarítmica, y se indican las desviaciones estándar. Las diferencias significativas están representadas con * para p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,05, ** para p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,01 y *** para p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,001.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "H. Ordiales, F. Vázquez-López, M. Pevida, B. Vázquez-Losada, L.M. Quirós, C. Martín" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "H." "apellidos" => "Ordiales" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Vázquez-López" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Pevida" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "B." "apellidos" => "Vázquez-Losada" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Vázquez" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "L.M." "apellidos" => "Quirós" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." 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Las diferencias significativas están representadas con * para p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,05, ** para p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,01 y *** para p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,001.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "H. Ordiales, F. Vázquez-López, M. Pevida, B. Vázquez-Losada, L.M. Quirós, C. Martín" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "H." "apellidos" => "Ordiales" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Vázquez-López" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Pevida" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "B." "apellidos" => "Vázquez-Losada" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Vázquez" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "L.M." "apellidos" => "Quirós" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Martín" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0001731022002575?idApp=UINPBA000044" "url" => "/00017310/0000011300000007/v1_202207140532/S0001731022002575/v1_202207140532/es/main.assets" ] ] "en" => array:18 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Brief Communication</span>" "titulo" => " Adherence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> Species to Skin Cells Induces Changes in the Expression of Genes Responsible for Heparan and Chondroitin Sulfate Chain Synthesis" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "T712" "paginaFinal" => "T716" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "H. Ordiales, F. Vázquez-López, M. Pevida, B. Vázquez-Losada, L.M. Quirós, C. Martín" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "H." 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"apellidos" => "Vázquez-Losada" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Vázquez" "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">g</span>" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "L.M." "apellidos" => "Quirós" "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 6 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Martín" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "cmartincueto@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (IUFV), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Centro Comunitario de Sangre y Tejidos del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] 6 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain" "etiqueta" => "g" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "La unión de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> spp. a células de piel promueve cambios de expresión en los genes responsables de la síntesis de las cadenas de heparán y condroitín sulfato" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2402 "Ancho" => 2508 "Tamanyo" => 224647 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Differential transcription of genes involved in the elongation of heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains in epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts after interaction with yeast. Graphs represent the relative abundance of transcripts of genes involved in the polymerization of HS (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EXT1</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EXT2</span>) and CS (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHSY1</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHSY3</span>, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHPF</span>) chains in the absence of yeast (black bars), in the presence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> (dark gray bars), in the presence of the filamentous form of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> (light gray bars), and in the presence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> species (white bars).</p> <p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data are expressed on a logarithmic scale, and error bars represent the standard deviation. Significant differences are represented as follows: *<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05; **<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.01; ***<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Superficial mycoses are prevalent dermatological diseases. The most frequent opportunistic fungi in this type of infection are yeasts of the genera <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span>, followed by other primary cutaneous pathogenic filamentous fungi. Development of these superficial skin conditions involves the participation of receptors that allow pathogens to adhere to and colonize the tissue. In addition to helping anchor the fungus to the epithelium, these receptors participate in other aspects of the infectious process, including tissue tropism, induction of the immune response, and tissue invasion.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Previous studies have demonstrated the role of proteoglycans (PGs), and specifically their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, as receptors in the development of bacterial infections.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The most important GAGs are heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Both are composed of a glucuronic acid (GlcA) residue, which is linked to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) in HS and to N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) in CS.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Synthesis of HS and CS involves a sequence of events, including polymerization of the chain and its subsequent modification via a series of enzymatic reactions such as N-deacetylation/N-sulfation, epimerization, and/or various O-sulfations.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">GAGs are involved in a wide variety of biological and pathological processes: the latter include multiple infectious processes in which alterations in the expression of genes involved in GAG biosynthesis have been described.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,4</span></a> In the present study, we investigated whether adherence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> species to epithelial cells induces changes in the expression of these genes. The objective was to further our knowledge of the role in infectious processes of these fungi, which are capable of causing several diseases under different conditions.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Material and Methods</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cell lines and fungal cultures were grown as previously described.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Cultures of keratinocytes and fibroblasts were grown in 6-well plates, to which 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μL of yeast suspension (corresponding to an A600 of 0.5) and 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of Dulbecco's modified Eagle minimal essential medium (DMEM) (Gibco) were added. The plates were then incubated for 90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min at 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>̊C and 5% CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>. Control wells were treated identically, except only DMEM was added in the last step. After 2 washes with PBS, the culture medium corresponding to each cell line<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> was added and the plates were incubated for 16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h at 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>̊C and 5% CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>. RNA extraction and complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis were carried out using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen) and High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems), following the manufacturer's instructions. Reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction and data analysis were carried out as previously described,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> using glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G3PDH</span>) as a control gene to normalize expression levels. The oligonucleotide sequence used is described in Supplementary Table 1.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Results</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Interaction of the yeasts with keratinocytes and fibroblasts induced transcriptional alterations in different genes involved in the biosynthesis of HS and CS, depending on the cell line and the microorganism involved.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No changes in the transcription of any genes responsible for GAG chain polymerization were observed after adhesion of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> species to either cell line (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). By contrast, adherence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> did induce changes, resulting in reduced expression of CS polymerization factor <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">(CHPF)</span> in keratinocytes and of all genes analyzed, with the exception of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHSY1</span>, in fibroblasts (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). Similar results were obtained regardless of the morphology of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A specific decrease in the expression of genes encoding HS chain-modifying enzymes was observed in the presence of yeast (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>A). In keratinocytes, the yeast form of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> affected all genes, while the hyphal form only affected those involved in the 6-O-sulfation of GlcNAc. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> species only resulted in reduced expression of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">HS6ST2</span> isoform (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>A). In fibroblasts, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans,</span> regardless of its cellular form, was associated with reduced expression of all genes, while <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> species affected expression of all genes except the gene responsible for epimerization of GlcA (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">GLCE</span>) and the main isoform responsible for 6-O-sulfation of GlcNAc (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">HS6ST1</span>) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>A).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Genes encoding CS chain-modifying enzymes exhibited more complex modifications (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>B). Adhesion to keratinocytes of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span>, in either yeast or hyphal form, resulted in reduced expression of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHST12</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHST3</span> and increased expression of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">UST.</span> The yeast form also reduced the expression of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHST11</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHST7</span>, while the hyphal form increased expression of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHST15</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHST7</span> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>B). Adhesion of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> species reduced the expression of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHST14</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHST13</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DSE</span>, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">UST</span>, and increased the expression of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHST13</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHST15</span>, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHST7</span> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>B). Adherence to fibroblasts of both yeast and hyphal forms of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> reduced the expression of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHST12</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHST14</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHST3</span>, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DSE</span>, and increased the expression of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHST7.</span> Furthermore, adhesion of the yeast form reduced expression of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">UST</span>, while adhesion of the hyphal form reduced that of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHST11</span> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>B). In fibroblasts, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> species reduced the expression of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHST12</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHST13</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHST14</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHST3</span>, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">UST</span>, and increased the expression of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHST15</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHST7</span> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>B).</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Discussion</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> species are microorganisms commonly found in the skin and mucous membranes. Under certain conditions, they can increase in quantity and become true pathogens, triggering a marked immune response. These yeasts can invade and colonize epithelial tissue via several pathways. However, little is known about the initial adhesion of these fungi to the epithelial surface.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present study, we observed variations in expression levels of several genes involved in the polymerization and modification of HS and CS chains after interaction with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> species. These alterations were more marked in fibroblasts than keratinocytes. The modifications observed at the transcriptional level point to important changes in the sulfation pattern of the chains, which may be further accentuated by the presence of additional post-transcriptional mechanisms or by the regulation of enzymatic catalysis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Consequently, the affinity of GAG chains for certain ligands may be altered, in turn affecting various biological processes, as well as the role of GAGs as receptors for various microorganisms. These modifications may also affect the adherence capacity of other epidermal pathogenic microorganisms, such as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Streptococcus pyogenes</span>, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,9</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The dermal layer, which is less exposed to the environment than the epidermis, differs from the latter in terms of both the receptors expressed and the composition of PGs and GAGs on the cell surface, and therefore would also be expected to differ in its interaction with these microorganisms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,10</span></a> This view is supported by the differential binding of bacteria to different lung cells depending on the GAG species expressed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Moreover, this could explain the greater number of alterations detected in the fibroblasts of the dermis: these changes could be caused by the microorganism in order to destabilize the dermal tissue, thereby facilitating invasion.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Yeast adhesion caused greater alterations in enzymes involved in chain modification than those involved in chain polymerization. Expression of genes involved in the modification of HS chains was reduced in both cutaneous layers, albeit to a lesser extent in keratinocytes, in which most changes were observed in the presence of the yeast form of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans.</span> The hyphal form of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> exerted greater effects in fibroblasts, in which the observed alterations were similar to those observed in keratinocytes. The yeast form of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> is normally responsible for the early stages of infection, including initial adhesion and subsequent dissemination, while the formation of hyphae is implicated in the invasion of the underlying tissues.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> This may explain why the former resulted in greater alterations in genes involved in HS biosynthesis in the epidermis. Moreover, the reduced expression of these genes could be associated with the invasive capacity and the immune response. Adhesion of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> species appeared to induce more alterations in the deep layers of the dermis. The role of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> species in skin diseases remains unclear. Through the production of free fatty acids, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> species alters the integrity of the skin, causing irritation and triggering an inflammatory response with consequent release of proinflammatory cytokines, which is associated with multiple pathologies including seborrheic dermatitis and folliculitis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13–15</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The alterations described here indicate that GAG chains undergo distinct modifications in sulfation and epimerization depending on the fungus to which they are exposed and the cell type in which they mediate the adhesion and colonization process. This has been previously described for bacteria, whereby different adhesins exhibit affinity for distinct GAG species and even for specific tissues targeted for infection, indicating a certain degree of tropism.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,9</span></a> Furthermore, the differential effects of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span>, depending on its morphology, may be explained by the differences in cell wall composition.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Further research is needed to determine the implications on the infectious processes this fungus causes. This knowledge could facilitate the development of new therapies that reduce the incidence of superficial mycoses, such as topical preparations containing GAGs that inhibit adherence of the fungus.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Funding</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was funded by the 2019 AEDV Investigates (AEDV Investiga) prize, awarded by the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Healthy Skin Foundation (Fundación Piel Sana) of the Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology</span> (AEDV).</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1746836" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1539031" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1746835" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1539030" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and Methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1539031" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Glycosaminoglycans" 1 => "Infections" 2 => "Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction" 3 => "Heparan sulfate" 4 => "Chondroitin sulfates" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1539030" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Glucosaminoglucanos" 1 => "Infección" 2 => "qRT-PCR" 3 => "Heparán sulfato" 4 => "Condroitín sulfato" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Superficial fungal infections are common in dermatology and are often caused by opportunistic species in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> genera. The aim of this study was to analyze changes in the expression of genes coding for enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) chains following the adherence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> yeasts to skin cell lines. Gene expression was analyzed using reverse transcriptase–quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. Interactions between the yeasts and the skin cells induced the following changes in genes involved in the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate: downregulation of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHPF</span> in keratinocytes and downregulation of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EXT1</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EXT2</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHSY3</span>, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHPF</span> in fibroblasts. Adherence to fibroblasts had an even greater effect on GAG biosynthetic enzymes, inducing the downregulation of 13 genes and the upregulation of two (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHST15</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHST7</span>). Interactions between yeasts and skin cells might affect the binding affinity of GAG chains, possibly changing their ability to function as receptors for pathogens and interfering with a key stage at the start of infection.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las micosis superficiales son patologías prevalentes en dermatología, causadas frecuentemente por hongos oportunistas de los géneros <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span>. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar, mediante qRT-PCR, la existencia de alteraciones en la expresión génica de las enzimas biosintéticas de las cadenas de glicosaminoglicanos (GAGs) tras la adhesión de dichas levaduras a líneas celulares de piel. La interacción de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> spp. produjo las siguientes modificaciones en genes implicados en la biosíntesis del heparán y condroitín sulfato: la subexpresión de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHPF</span> en los queratinocitos y 4 subexpresiones (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EXT1</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EXT2</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHSY3</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHPF</span>) en los fibroblastos. Las enzimas implicadas en la modificación de las cadenas de dichos GAG se ven más alteradas en los fibroblastos, produciendo 13 subexpresiones y 2 sobreexpresiones (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHST15</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHST7</span>). Como consecuencia, la afinidad de las cadenas de GAGs por sus ligandos puede verse afectada, pudiendo alterar su papel como receptores de microorganismos, paso clave para el inicio de su proceso infeccioso.</p></span>" ] ] "apendice" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "apendice" => "<p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following are the supplementary data to this article:<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p>" "etiqueta" => "Appendix A" "titulo" => "Supplementary data" "identificador" => "sec0040" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2402 "Ancho" => 2508 "Tamanyo" => 224647 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Differential transcription of genes involved in the elongation of heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains in epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts after interaction with yeast. Graphs represent the relative abundance of transcripts of genes involved in the polymerization of HS (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EXT1</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EXT2</span>) and CS (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHSY1</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHSY3</span>, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHPF</span>) chains in the absence of yeast (black bars), in the presence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> (dark gray bars), in the presence of the filamentous form of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> (light gray bars), and in the presence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> species (white bars).</p> <p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data are expressed on a logarithmic scale, and error bars represent the standard deviation. Significant differences are represented as follows: *<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05; **<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.01; ***<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1584 "Ancho" => 2925 "Tamanyo" => 307413 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Differential transcription of genes involved in the modification of heparan sulfate (A) and chondroitin sulfate (B) chains in epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts after interaction with yeasts. Graphs represent the relative abundance of transcripts of genes involved in the N-deacetylation/N-sulfation of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NDST1-2</span>), epimerization and 2-O-sulfation of glucuronic acid (GlcA; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">GLCE, HS2ST1</span>), and 6-O-sulfation of GlcNAc (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">HS6ST1-3</span>), in the absence of yeast (black bars), in the presence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> (dark gray bars), in the presence of the filamentous form of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> (light gray bars), and in the presence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> species (white bars).</p> <p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data are expressed on a logarithmic scale, and error bars represent the standard deviation. Significant differences are represented as follows: *<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05; **<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.01; ***<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc1.pdf" "ficheroTamanyo" => 126627 ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:16 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0085" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J.W. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 25 | 10 | 35 |
| 2024 October | 139 | 72 | 211 |
| 2024 September | 133 | 38 | 171 |
| 2024 August | 186 | 70 | 256 |
| 2024 July | 108 | 54 | 162 |
| 2024 June | 115 | 58 | 173 |
| 2024 May | 115 | 52 | 167 |
| 2024 April | 110 | 55 | 165 |
| 2024 March | 104 | 49 | 153 |
| 2024 February | 81 | 44 | 125 |
| 2024 January | 89 | 30 | 119 |
| 2023 December | 120 | 25 | 145 |
| 2023 November | 110 | 59 | 169 |
| 2023 October | 138 | 67 | 205 |
| 2023 September | 792 | 72 | 864 |
| 2023 August | 73 | 43 | 116 |
| 2023 July | 90 | 51 | 141 |
| 2023 June | 83 | 29 | 112 |
| 2023 May | 106 | 31 | 137 |
| 2023 April | 71 | 26 | 97 |
| 2023 March | 78 | 23 | 101 |
| 2023 February | 64 | 23 | 87 |
| 2023 January | 70 | 59 | 129 |
| 2022 December | 103 | 58 | 161 |
| 2022 November | 92 | 72 | 164 |
| 2022 October | 93 | 42 | 135 |
| 2022 September | 123 | 66 | 189 |
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| 2022 July | 133 | 68 | 201 |
| 2022 June | 83 | 43 | 126 |
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