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Hay autores que abogan por retrasar la intervenci&#243;n hasta la finalizaci&#243;n del tratamiento&#59; otros proponen un manejo an&#225;logo al de los AVK<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; su perfil farmacol&#243;gico&#44; monitorizaci&#243;n&#44; riesgo hemorr&#225;gico y mecanismo para revertir la hemorragia difieren sustancialmente del de los AVK&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Un cuestionario realizado a dermat&#243;logos del Reino Unido sobre el manejo de los ACOD reflej&#243; que los puntos con un consenso menor eran la actuaci&#243;n previa a la realizaci&#243;n de intervenciones quir&#250;rgicas complejas y el tiempo de interrupci&#243;n necesario<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Debido a que su uso est&#225; cada vez m&#225;s extendido&#44; es esencial conocer sus caracter&#237;sticas&#44; as&#237; como las medidas disponibles para revertir sus efectos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Caracter&#237;sticas generales</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Mecanismo de acci&#243;n</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos los ACOD act&#250;an en alg&#250;n punto de la v&#237;a com&#250;n de la coagulaci&#243;n&#44; tras la convergencia de las v&#237;as intr&#237;nseca y extr&#237;nseca que se produce con la activaci&#243;n del factor X&#46; Este se unir&#225; al factor V activado para formar el complejo de la protrombinasa&#44; que dar&#225; lugar al factor II activado &#40;IIa&#41; o trombina&#46; Finalmente&#44; el factor IIa ser&#225; el responsable de activar el fibrin&#243;geno &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a>&#46; Dabigatr&#225;n &#40;Pradaxa&#174;&#41; es el &#250;nico inhibidor oral directo y reversible de la trombina&#44; mientras que rivaroxab&#225;n &#40;Xarelto&#174;&#41;&#44; apixab&#225;n &#40;Eliquis&#174;&#41; y edoxab&#225;n &#40;Lixiana&#174;&#41; son inhibidores del factor X activado &#40;Xa&#41;&#44; tanto libre como unido a la protrombinasa&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los ACOD act&#250;an m&#225;s r&#225;pidamente que los AVK y sus efectos son de menor duraci&#243;n&#46; El pico m&#225;ximo de actividad se produce a las 2-4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h tras su administraci&#243;n y tienen una semivida de entre 8 y 18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h en pacientes con una funci&#243;n renal normal &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;11&#44;13</span></a>&#46; Las principales interacciones de los ACOD se producen con f&#225;rmacos inhibidores o inductores del sistema de transporte de la glicoprote&#237;na-P &#40;P-gp&#41; o del sistema CYP3A4 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;14</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Monitorizaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los ACOD no precisan una monitorizaci&#243;n rutinaria de la coagulaci&#243;n debido a que su farmacocin&#233;tica y farmacodin&#225;mica son predecibles y tienen pocas interacciones farmacol&#243;gicas&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; las pruebas que permiten una monitorizaci&#243;n precisa de los mismos&#44; son costosas y no est&#225;n disponibles en todos los centros &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; En general&#44; estas se reservan para las intervenciones cruentas y de car&#225;cter urgente&#44; que resultan excepcionales dentro del &#225;mbito dermatol&#243;gico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El tiempo de protrombina y el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">international normalized ratio</span> &#40;INR&#41;&#44; empleados para la monitorizaci&#243;n de los AVK&#44; no se correlacionan de forma lineal con el efecto anticoagulante de los ACOD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Evaluaci&#243;n del riesgo de hemorragia perioperatoria</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El riesgo de hemorragia perioperatoria est&#225; condicionado por las comorbilidades del paciente y por las caracter&#237;sticas del procedimiento quir&#250;rgico&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para la valoraci&#243;n adecuada del riesgo que condicionan las comorbilidades del paciente&#44; existen &#237;ndices como el HAS-BLED &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#41; que permiten al cirujano dermatol&#243;gico caracterizarlo de forma adecuada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; Un ejemplo es que la presencia de una elevada tensi&#243;n arterial sist&#243;lica perioperatoria entra&#241;a una mayor tasa de hemorragia intraoperatoria durante la cirug&#237;a de Mohs<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Hemorragia en cirug&#237;a dermatol&#243;gica</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El riesgo de hemorragias relevantes &#8212;aquellas que no se autolimitan y&#47;o ceden con medidas compresivas&#8212; en la cirug&#237;a dermatol&#243;gica es bajo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#8211;23</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Si se analiza espec&#237;ficamente el riesgo en pacientes con ACOD&#44; existe un cierto incremento de las hemorragias relevantes tras realizar intervenciones quir&#250;rgicas grandes&#44; pero no se incrementa en las peque&#241;as<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24&#8211;27</span></a>&#46; Algunos estudios han analizado por regiones anat&#243;micas el riesgo hemorr&#225;gico&#44; independientemente del tama&#241;o de la intervenci&#243;n&#44; obteniendo resultados dispares y poco concordantes&#46; Por ello&#44; actualmente la localizaci&#243;n anat&#243;mica no se considera un factor determinante<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;28</span></a>&#46; Respecto la cirug&#237;a de Mohs&#44; ha demostrado no entra&#241;ar un riesgo mayor de hemorragia <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">per se</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El cirujano dermatol&#243;gico debe conocer y valorar los factores que determinan un incremento significativo del riesgo hemorr&#225;gico &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 4</a>&#41;&#44; prestando especial atenci&#243;n a aquellos procedimientos que conlleven un mayor riesgo de aparici&#243;n de hematomas subcut&#225;neos&#44; que puedan disecar el tejido formando una cavidad virtual&#46; Son ejemplos de estas intervenciones la biopsia selectiva de ganglio centinela&#44; las que precisan de un cierre con grandes colgajos como el tipo avance de mejilla completo o las que se realizan sobre la cavidad oral<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Evaluaci&#243;n del riesgo tromboemb&#243;lico</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hay factores que condicionan un incremento en el riesgo de presentar un fen&#243;meno tromboemb&#243;lico tras la suspensi&#243;n del anticoagulante&#46; La presencia de alguna de estas caracter&#237;sticas condiciona un riesgo tromboemb&#243;lico de al menos un 10&#37; en ausencia de anticoagulaci&#243;n &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabla 5</a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31&#8211;33</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Entre las complicaciones tromboemb&#243;licas secundarias a la suspensi&#243;n de la anticoagulaci&#243;n perioperatoria en las intervenciones quir&#250;rgicas de la piel se han descrito accidentes vasculares cerebrales&#44; infartos de miocardio&#44; embolismos pulmonares&#44; trombosis venosas profundas y oclusi&#243;n de la arteria retiniana con ceguera secundaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Actitud en la cirug&#237;a dermatol&#243;gica</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La evidencia sobre el manejo perioperatorio de los ACOD todav&#237;a es limitada&#44; puesto que no se disponen a&#250;n de ensayos cl&#237;nicos aleatorizados ni de grandes estudios observacionales&#46; Actualmente se acepta no suspender la anticoagulaci&#243;n ante procedimientos que impliquen un riesgo bajo de hemorragia&#46; En la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica&#44; algunos cirujanos abogan por retrasar la toma del ACOD hasta despu&#233;s de la intervenci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&#46; Si se considera que el riesgo quir&#250;rgico de hemorragia es elevado &#40;por el tipo de intervenci&#243;n y&#47;o las comorbilidades del paciente&#41;&#44; y el riesgo tromboemb&#243;lico es bajo&#44; la estrategia m&#225;s aceptada ser&#237;a la de valorar la suspensi&#243;n temporal del f&#225;rmaco &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;32</span></a>&#46; Si desconocemos el riesgo tromboemb&#243;lico o este es elevado&#44; no se deber&#237;a interrumpir la anticoagulaci&#243;n de forma rutinaria e&#44; idealmente se deber&#237;a consensuar la actitud con el equipo m&#233;dico de hemostasia y coagulaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#44;33</span></a>&#46; Conviene recordar que el riesgo vital inherente a una complicaci&#243;n tromboemb&#243;lica y el manejo de la misma supera el riesgo vital de la hemorragia perioperatoria dermatol&#243;gica&#44; que suele ser de f&#225;cil tratamiento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36&#44;37</span></a>&#46; Una opci&#243;n en aquellos pacientes que tengan de forma transitoria un estado de alto riesgo tromboemb&#243;lico &#40;p&#46; ej&#46;&#44; ictus o un tromboembolismo venoso &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>90 d&#237;as&#41;&#44; ser&#237;a retrasar la intervenci&#243;n hasta que el riesgo se haya normalizado&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Hemostasia intraoperatoria</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La hemostasia cuidadosa forma parte del manejo b&#225;sico de toda intervenci&#243;n quir&#250;rgica&#46; Para ello se debe realizar una cirug&#237;a cuidadosa que respete al m&#225;ximo los tejidos y un uso habitual de bistur&#237;s el&#233;ctricos&#44; bipolares o monopolares&#44; u otros dispositivos electrocauterizadores para lograr una hemostasia adecuada de los vasos peque&#241;os&#46; Para los vasos de mayor tama&#241;o &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;&#44; la electrocoagulaci&#243;n puede no ser suficiente&#44; por lo que se prefiere la ligadura por sutura por su acci&#243;n m&#225;s prolongada&#46; Si la hemorragia ocurre en el borde de la incisi&#243;n de forma difusa&#44; los puntos colchoneros horizontales y la sutura continua bloqueante han demostrado un efecto hemost&#225;sico mayor<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#46;</p><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Medidas adicionales</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conviene tomar medidas hemost&#225;ticas adicionales en los pacientes que no han suspendido los ACOD&#46; Se recomendar&#237;a el empleo de forma sistem&#225;tica en estos pacientes de vendajes compresivos no isqu&#233;micos y&#44; en intervenciones grandes&#44; valorar la colocaci&#243;n de drenajes&#46; La optimizaci&#243;n preoperatoria de la tensi&#243;n arterial contribuye a disminuir el riesgo de hemorragia intraoperatoria&#46; Es aconsejable realizar una revisi&#243;n inicial de la herida a las 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h de la intervenci&#243;n si se han utilizado anest&#233;sicos con vasoconstrictores y&#44; en intervenciones complejas&#44; reevaluar la herida a los 3 d&#237;as&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; el paciente deber&#225; ser debidamente informado del potencial riesgo de hemorragia y de las medidas que deber&#225; tomar si esta se produce<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38&#44;39</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Interrupci&#243;n perioperatoria</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hay evidencia que avala que el riesgo hemorr&#225;gico se asocia con la concentraci&#243;n m&#237;nima de f&#225;rmaco y no con la m&#225;xima &#40;picos plasm&#225;ticos&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por ello&#44; previamente a la intervenci&#243;n se recomienda un intervalo de suspensi&#243;n del f&#225;rmaco de al menos 2 semividas de eliminaci&#243;n&#44; lo que deja un efecto residual variable de entre el 12-25&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&#46; En pacientes con funci&#243;n renal normal se aconseja suspender el ACOD 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h antes del procedimiento&#46; En pacientes con funci&#243;n renal disminuida se debe calcular su aclaramiento de creatinina y ajustar el tiempo de suspensi&#243;n &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0030">tabla 6</a>&#41; en funci&#243;n del ACOD empleado &#40;nivel de evidencia 2D&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;18</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Reintroducci&#243;n postoperatoria</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Si la hemostasia ha sido eficaz&#44; el ACOD puede reintroducirse entre 6 y 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h despu&#233;s del procedimiento &#40;nivel de evidencia 2C&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;18&#44;41</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dado que estos f&#225;rmacos tienen una semivida corta y su inicio de acci&#243;n es r&#225;pido&#44; no es preciso realizar una terapia puente perioperatoria&#46; De hecho&#44; hay estudios que la desaconsejan dado que aumentar&#237;a la tasa de hemorragia postoperatoria&#44; sin disminuir el riesgo tromboemb&#243;lico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42&#44;43</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Hemostasia postoperatoria</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La mayor&#237;a de complicaciones hemorr&#225;gicas tras los procedimientos quir&#250;rgicos dermatol&#243;gicos se pueden controlar con medidas locales debido a la accesibilidad a la herida quir&#250;rgica&#46; Estas medidas incluyen el fr&#237;o local&#44; la elevaci&#243;n de la zona intervenida&#44; el recambio de los ap&#243;sitos compresivos&#44; el uso de agentes hemost&#225;ticos t&#243;picos y&#44; en casos persistentes o de hemorragia abundante&#44; la revisi&#243;n quir&#250;rgica de la herida y el uso de electrocoagulaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En funci&#243;n de la gravedad y el fracaso de las medidas anteriores se pueden a&#241;adir otras medidas generales de soporte&#44; que incluyen la administraci&#243;n de sueros&#44; la transfusi&#243;n de hemoderivados y la interrupci&#243;n temporal del ACOD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; Debido a su semivida corta y al pico plasm&#225;tico r&#225;pido&#44; su efecto se reduce r&#225;pidamente tras la &#250;ltima toma&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Solo de forma excepcional y en situaciones de hemorragia abundante&#44; no controlable y que ponga en peligro la vida del paciente&#44; habr&#237;a que emplear otras medidas que van dirigidas a disminuir los niveles plasm&#225;ticos del ACOD o a revertir su efecto&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Entre estas medidas est&#225; el uso de carb&#243;n activado&#44; siempre que se ingiera entre la primera y la sexta horas tras la ingesta del ACOD&#46; Tambi&#233;n se pueden emplear agentes de reversi&#243;n no espec&#237;fica &#40;complejos de concentrados de protrombina que contienen hasta 4 factores de la coagulaci&#243;n activados&#41; y &#225;cido tranex&#225;mico &#40;antifibrinol&#237;tico de administraci&#243;n subcut&#225;nea o endovenosa&#41;&#46; Antes de administrarlos conviene descartar antecedentes tromboemb&#243;licos&#44; historia familiar de trombofilia o el uso concomitante de anticonceptivos hormonales&#46; La hemodi&#225;lisis ha resultado eficaz para revertir los efectos de dabigatr&#225;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45&#8211;49</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por &#250;ltimo&#44; existen ant&#237;dotos espec&#237;ficos para los ACOD que se encuentran en diferentes fases de desarrollo&#46; Solo idarucizumab &#40;Praxbind&#174;&#41;&#44; que es un inhibidor no competitivo de dabigatr&#225;n&#44; est&#225; aprobado por la EMA para revertir sus efectos en intervenciones quir&#250;rgicas urgentes con complicaciones hemorr&#225;gicas con riesgo vital<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conclusiones</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La escasa evidencia disponible sugiere que existe un cierto incremento del riesgo de hemorragia en los pacientes sometidos a intervenciones quir&#250;rgicas dermatol&#243;gicas que est&#225;n en tratamiento con ACOD&#46; Sin embargo&#44; su interrupci&#243;n podr&#237;a incrementar el riesgo tromboemb&#243;lico y debe ser una decisi&#243;n consensuada e individualizada&#46; El candidato ideal para interrumpir el ACOD es aquel paciente con un riesgo tromboemb&#243;lico bajo&#44; pero con una tendencia hemorr&#225;gica elevada que va a someterse a una cirug&#237;a que entra&#241;a un riesgo alto de hemorragia&#46; El tiempo de interrupci&#243;n depender&#225; del f&#225;rmaco y de la funci&#243;n renal&#44; y se debe prestar una atenci&#243;n especial a posibles interacciones farmacol&#243;gicas&#46; Por otra parte&#44; los procedimientos con un riesgo hemorr&#225;gico bajo se pueden llevar a cabo sin suspender la anticoagulaci&#243;n&#46; En cualquier caso&#44; es aconsejable extremar las medidas de hemostasia con vendajes compresivos y&#44; en situaciones con defectos quir&#250;rgicos grandes&#44; realizar controles postoperatorios estrechos&#46; Cuando aparece una complicaci&#243;n hemorr&#225;gica que no se controla con medidas locales se debe considerar la suspensi&#243;n del ACOD&#46; En caso de hemorragia con riesgo vital&#44; situaci&#243;n excepcional en cirug&#237;a dermatol&#243;gica&#44; se puede emplear idarucizumab&#44; un ant&#237;doto espec&#237;fico aprobado que revierte el efecto de dabigatr&#225;n&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los anticoagulantes orales directos &#40;ACOD&#41; emergen como una alternativa m&#225;s c&#243;moda y segura que los cl&#225;sicos antagonistas de la vitamina K &#40;AVK&#41;&#59; no precisan monitorizaci&#243;n&#44; poseen una ventana terap&#233;utica m&#225;s amplia y tienen menos interacciones farmacol&#243;gicas&#46; Sin embargo&#44; a pesar de que su uso est&#225; cada vez m&#225;s extendido&#44; existe poco consenso sobre cu&#225;l es su manejo perioperatorio &#243;ptimo en cirug&#237;a dermatol&#243;gica&#46; En este art&#237;culo se describen las caracter&#237;sticas de los ACOD y se revisa la evidencia disponible sobre su uso perioperatorio en la cirug&#237;a de la piel&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Direct-acting oral anticoagulants &#40;DOACs&#41; have emerged as safer&#44; easier-to-manage alternatives to traditional vitamin K antagonists and are used increasingly because they require no monitoring&#44; have a wider therapeutic window&#44; and react less with other drugs&#46; However&#44; there is little consensus on optimal perioperative management when these drugs are used in dermatologic surgery&#46; This article describes the characteristics of DOACs and reviews current evidence on their use in this setting&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:8 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figura 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1336
            "Ancho" => 1495
            "Tamanyo" => 116578
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mecanismo de acci&#243;n de los anticoagulantes orales directos en la cascada de coagulaci&#243;n&#46; Rivaroxab&#225;n&#44; apixab&#225;n y edoxab&#225;n act&#250;an inhibiendo al factor Xa&#59; dabigatr&#225;n es un inhibidor directo de la trombina&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Figura 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 3261
            "Ancho" => 2508
            "Tamanyo" => 466240
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Algoritmo propuesto para el manejo de pacientes con ACOD que vayan a someterse a cirug&#237;a dermatol&#243;gica&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at1"
            "detalle" => "Tabla "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ACOD&#58; anticoagulantes orales directos&#59; CYP&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cytochrome P450&#59;</span> TE&#58; tiempo de ecarina&#59; Tmax&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Time to maximum plasma concentration</span> &#40;tiempo requerido para alcanzar la concentraci&#243;n m&#225;xima del f&#225;rmaco en sangre&#41;&#59; TTd&#58; tiempo de trombina diluida con plasma&#59; IIa&#58; II activado&#59; Xa&#58; X activado&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dabigatr&#225;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rivaroxab&#225;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Apixab&#225;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Edoxab&#225;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Factor inhibido&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Xa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Xa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Xa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Biodisponibilidad&#59; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">66-80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tmax&#59; h&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1-3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2-4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1-2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1-2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Semivida&#59; h&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12-17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6-12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10-14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Metabolismo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Esterasas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CYP3A4&#47;5&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CYP2J2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CYP3A4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hidr&#243;lisis<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CYP3A4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Eliminaci&#243;n renal&#59; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Monitorizaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TE&#44; TTd&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Actividad anti-Xa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Actividad anti-Xa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Actividad anti-Xa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Antagonista&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Idarucizumab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Andexanet alfa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Andexanet alfa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Andexanet alfa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2352174.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Propiedades farmacocin&#233;ticas y antagonistas de los ACOD</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
            "detalle" => "Tabla "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ACOD&#58; anticoagulantes orales directos&#59; BCRP&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">breast cancer resistance protein&#59;</span> CYP&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cytochrome P450&#59;</span> P-gp&#58; glicoprote&#237;na P&#59; IIa&#58; II activado&#59; Xa&#58; X activado&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mecanismo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Inhibidor factor IIa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Inhibidores factor Xa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Antimic&#243;ticos azoles<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> &#40;p&#46; ej&#46;&#44; itraconazol&#44; ketoconazol&#44; voriconazol&#44; posaconazol&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Competidor potente P-gp&#44; BCRP&#59; inhibidor CYP3A4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Contraindicado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ContraindicadoEdoxab&#225;n reducir dosis 50&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dronedarona&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Competidor P-gp&#44; inhibidor CYP3A4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Contraindicado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Precauci&#243;n&#47;evitarEdoxab&#225;n reducir dosis 50&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Inhibidores de la proteasa VIH &#40;p&#46; ej&#46;&#44; indinavir&#44; ritonavir&#44; lopinavir&#44; darunavir&#44; fosamprenavir&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Competidor potente P-gp&#44; BCRP&#59; inhibidor CYP3A4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Contraindicado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Contraindicado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Claritromicina&#44; eritromicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Competidor moderado P-gp&#59; inhibidor CYP3A4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Precauci&#243;n&#47;evitar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Precauci&#243;n&#47;evitarEdoxab&#225;n reducir dosis 50&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Rifampicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Inductor P-gp&#47;BCRP y CYP3A4&#47;CYP2J&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Contraindicado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Contraindicado Edoxab&#225;n precauci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Carbamazepina&#44; fenito&#237;na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Inductor P-gp&#47;BCRP y CYP3A4&#47;CYP2J&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Contraindicado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Precauci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab2352173.png"
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            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Fluconazol inhibe CYP3A4 de forma moderada&#44; por lo que es preferible evitarlo&#44; aunque no quedar&#237;a completamente contraindicado&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Principales interacciones de los ACOD&#46; Los f&#225;rmacos inductores del metabolismo incrementan el riesgo tromboemb&#243;lico&#44; mientras que los inhibidores&#47;competidores incrementan el riesgo hemorr&#225;gico</p>"
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      4 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
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          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at3"
            "detalle" => "Tabla "
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AINE&#58; antiinflamatorio no esteroideo&#59; HAS-BLED&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">hypertension&#44; abnormal liver&#47;renal function&#44; stroke history&#44;&#160;bleeding&#160;history or predisposition&#44; labile INR&#44; elderly&#44; drug&#47;alcohol usage&#59;</span> INR&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">international normalized ratio&#46;</span></p><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fuente&#58; Adaptaci&#243;n de Doherty et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HAS-BLED&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Puntuaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hipertensi&#243;n sist&#243;lica &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>160<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Funci&#243;n renal o hep&#225;tica anormal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 cada una&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ictus previo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Historia de hemorragia mayor&#47;predisposici&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">INR l&#225;bil o inestable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Edad<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>65 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">F&#225;rmacos antiplaquetarios&#44; AINE o historia de alcoholismo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 cada una&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#205;ndice HAS-BLED&#46; Una puntuaci&#243;n de 3 o m&#225;s puntos es altamente predictiva de presentar un proceso hemorr&#225;gico</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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            "detalle" => "Tabla "
            "rol" => "short"
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fuente&#58; Adaptaci&#243;n de Sporbeck et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Intervenciones que implican m&#250;ltiples capas &#40;fascia&#44; m&#250;sculo&#44; cart&#237;lago&#44; hueso&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Defecto quir&#250;rgico grande &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#41; o cierre con injerto&#47;colgajo de gran tama&#241;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Intervenciones con un acceso visual restringido del campo quir&#250;rgico &#40;liposucci&#243;n&#44; intervenciones ganglionares&#44; anorrectales&#44; o de cavidad oral&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Procedimientos quir&#250;rgicos cut&#225;neos que entra&#241;an un mayor riesgo hemorr&#225;gico postoperatorio</p>"
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        "identificador" => "tbl0025"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CHA2DS2&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">congestive heart failure&#44; hypertension&#44; age</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8805;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">75 years&#44; diabetes mellitus&#44; stroke or transient ischemic attack</span> &#40;TIA&#41;&#59; VASc&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vascular disease&#44; age 65 to 74 years&#44; sex category</span>&#46;</p>"
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              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Tromboembolismo venoso&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Fibrilaci&#243;n auricular&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">V&#225;lvula card&#237;aca mec&#225;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Reciente &#40;&#60;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">90 d&#237;as&#41;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Neoplasia maligna activa</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trombofilia grave&#58;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#233;ficit de prote&#237;na C&#47;S<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#233;ficit de antitrombina<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>S&#237;ndrome antifosfol&#237;pido<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 tipo de trombofilia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CHADS2 de 5 o 6CHA2DS2-VASc de 7 a 9Ictus<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>90 d&#237;as&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">MitralA&#243;rtica con v&#225;lvula de tipo disco basculante o de bolaM&#250;ltiples v&#225;lvulas mec&#225;nicasIsquemia cerebral reciente &#40;&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6 meses&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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Dermatología Práctica
Anticoagulantes orales directos en cirugía dermatológica
Direct-acting Oral Anticoagulants in Dermatologic Surgery
V. Cabezas-Calderon
Corresponding author
vcabezas@vhebron.net

Autor para correspondencia.
, P. Bassas Freixas, V. García-Patos Briones
Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, España
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es esencial conocer sus caracter&#237;sticas&#44; as&#237; como las medidas disponibles para revertir sus efectos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Caracter&#237;sticas generales</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Mecanismo de acci&#243;n</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos los ACOD act&#250;an en alg&#250;n punto de la v&#237;a com&#250;n de la coagulaci&#243;n&#44; tras la convergencia de las v&#237;as intr&#237;nseca y extr&#237;nseca que se produce con la activaci&#243;n del factor X&#46; Este se unir&#225; al factor V activado para formar el complejo de la protrombinasa&#44; que dar&#225; lugar al factor II activado &#40;IIa&#41; o trombina&#46; Finalmente&#44; el factor IIa ser&#225; el responsable de activar el fibrin&#243;geno &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a>&#46; Dabigatr&#225;n &#40;Pradaxa&#174;&#41; es el &#250;nico inhibidor oral directo y reversible de la trombina&#44; mientras que rivaroxab&#225;n &#40;Xarelto&#174;&#41;&#44; apixab&#225;n &#40;Eliquis&#174;&#41; y edoxab&#225;n &#40;Lixiana&#174;&#41; son inhibidores del factor X activado &#40;Xa&#41;&#44; tanto libre como unido a la protrombinasa&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los ACOD act&#250;an m&#225;s r&#225;pidamente que los AVK y sus efectos son de menor duraci&#243;n&#46; El pico m&#225;ximo de actividad se produce a las 2-4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h tras su administraci&#243;n y tienen una semivida de entre 8 y 18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h en pacientes con una funci&#243;n renal normal &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;11&#44;13</span></a>&#46; Las principales interacciones de los ACOD se producen con f&#225;rmacos inhibidores o inductores del sistema de transporte de la glicoprote&#237;na-P &#40;P-gp&#41; o del sistema CYP3A4 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;14</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Monitorizaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los ACOD no precisan una monitorizaci&#243;n rutinaria de la coagulaci&#243;n debido a que su farmacocin&#233;tica y farmacodin&#225;mica son predecibles y tienen pocas interacciones farmacol&#243;gicas&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; las pruebas que permiten una monitorizaci&#243;n precisa de los mismos&#44; son costosas y no est&#225;n disponibles en todos los centros &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; En general&#44; estas se reservan para las intervenciones cruentas y de car&#225;cter urgente&#44; que resultan excepcionales dentro del &#225;mbito dermatol&#243;gico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El tiempo de protrombina y el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">international normalized ratio</span> &#40;INR&#41;&#44; empleados para la monitorizaci&#243;n de los AVK&#44; no se correlacionan de forma lineal con el efecto anticoagulante de los ACOD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Evaluaci&#243;n del riesgo de hemorragia perioperatoria</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El riesgo de hemorragia perioperatoria est&#225; condicionado por las comorbilidades del paciente y por las caracter&#237;sticas del procedimiento quir&#250;rgico&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para la valoraci&#243;n adecuada del riesgo que condicionan las comorbilidades del paciente&#44; existen &#237;ndices como el HAS-BLED &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#41; que permiten al cirujano dermatol&#243;gico caracterizarlo de forma adecuada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; Un ejemplo es que la presencia de una elevada tensi&#243;n arterial sist&#243;lica perioperatoria entra&#241;a una mayor tasa de hemorragia intraoperatoria durante la cirug&#237;a de Mohs<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Hemorragia en cirug&#237;a dermatol&#243;gica</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El riesgo de hemorragias relevantes &#8212;aquellas que no se autolimitan y&#47;o ceden con medidas compresivas&#8212; en la cirug&#237;a dermatol&#243;gica es bajo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#8211;23</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Si se analiza espec&#237;ficamente el riesgo en pacientes con ACOD&#44; existe un cierto incremento de las hemorragias relevantes tras realizar intervenciones quir&#250;rgicas grandes&#44; pero no se incrementa en las peque&#241;as<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24&#8211;27</span></a>&#46; Algunos estudios han analizado por regiones anat&#243;micas el riesgo hemorr&#225;gico&#44; independientemente del tama&#241;o de la intervenci&#243;n&#44; obteniendo resultados dispares y poco concordantes&#46; Por ello&#44; actualmente la localizaci&#243;n anat&#243;mica no se considera un factor determinante<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;28</span></a>&#46; Respecto la cirug&#237;a de Mohs&#44; ha demostrado no entra&#241;ar un riesgo mayor de hemorragia <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">per se</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El cirujano dermatol&#243;gico debe conocer y valorar los factores que determinan un incremento significativo del riesgo hemorr&#225;gico &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 4</a>&#41;&#44; prestando especial atenci&#243;n a aquellos procedimientos que conlleven un mayor riesgo de aparici&#243;n de hematomas subcut&#225;neos&#44; que puedan disecar el tejido formando una cavidad virtual&#46; Son ejemplos de estas intervenciones la biopsia selectiva de ganglio centinela&#44; las que precisan de un cierre con grandes colgajos como el tipo avance de mejilla completo o las que se realizan sobre la cavidad oral<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Evaluaci&#243;n del riesgo tromboemb&#243;lico</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hay factores que condicionan un incremento en el riesgo de presentar un fen&#243;meno tromboemb&#243;lico tras la suspensi&#243;n del anticoagulante&#46; La presencia de alguna de estas caracter&#237;sticas condiciona un riesgo tromboemb&#243;lico de al menos un 10&#37; en ausencia de anticoagulaci&#243;n &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabla 5</a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31&#8211;33</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Entre las complicaciones tromboemb&#243;licas secundarias a la suspensi&#243;n de la anticoagulaci&#243;n perioperatoria en las intervenciones quir&#250;rgicas de la piel se han descrito accidentes vasculares cerebrales&#44; infartos de miocardio&#44; embolismos pulmonares&#44; trombosis venosas profundas y oclusi&#243;n de la arteria retiniana con ceguera secundaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Actitud en la cirug&#237;a dermatol&#243;gica</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La evidencia sobre el manejo perioperatorio de los ACOD todav&#237;a es limitada&#44; puesto que no se disponen a&#250;n de ensayos cl&#237;nicos aleatorizados ni de grandes estudios observacionales&#46; Actualmente se acepta no suspender la anticoagulaci&#243;n ante procedimientos que impliquen un riesgo bajo de hemorragia&#46; En la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica&#44; algunos cirujanos abogan por retrasar la toma del ACOD hasta despu&#233;s de la intervenci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&#46; Si se considera que el riesgo quir&#250;rgico de hemorragia es elevado &#40;por el tipo de intervenci&#243;n y&#47;o las comorbilidades del paciente&#41;&#44; y el riesgo tromboemb&#243;lico es bajo&#44; la estrategia m&#225;s aceptada ser&#237;a la de valorar la suspensi&#243;n temporal del f&#225;rmaco &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;32</span></a>&#46; Si desconocemos el riesgo tromboemb&#243;lico o este es elevado&#44; no se deber&#237;a interrumpir la anticoagulaci&#243;n de forma rutinaria e&#44; idealmente se deber&#237;a consensuar la actitud con el equipo m&#233;dico de hemostasia y coagulaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#44;33</span></a>&#46; Conviene recordar que el riesgo vital inherente a una complicaci&#243;n tromboemb&#243;lica y el manejo de la misma supera el riesgo vital de la hemorragia perioperatoria dermatol&#243;gica&#44; que suele ser de f&#225;cil tratamiento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36&#44;37</span></a>&#46; Una opci&#243;n en aquellos pacientes que tengan de forma transitoria un estado de alto riesgo tromboemb&#243;lico &#40;p&#46; ej&#46;&#44; ictus o un tromboembolismo venoso &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>90 d&#237;as&#41;&#44; ser&#237;a retrasar la intervenci&#243;n hasta que el riesgo se haya normalizado&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Hemostasia intraoperatoria</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La hemostasia cuidadosa forma parte del manejo b&#225;sico de toda intervenci&#243;n quir&#250;rgica&#46; Para ello se debe realizar una cirug&#237;a cuidadosa que respete al m&#225;ximo los tejidos y un uso habitual de bistur&#237;s el&#233;ctricos&#44; bipolares o monopolares&#44; u otros dispositivos electrocauterizadores para lograr una hemostasia adecuada de los vasos peque&#241;os&#46; Para los vasos de mayor tama&#241;o &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;&#44; la electrocoagulaci&#243;n puede no ser suficiente&#44; por lo que se prefiere la ligadura por sutura por su acci&#243;n m&#225;s prolongada&#46; Si la hemorragia ocurre en el borde de la incisi&#243;n de forma difusa&#44; los puntos colchoneros horizontales y la sutura continua bloqueante han demostrado un efecto hemost&#225;sico mayor<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#46;</p><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Medidas adicionales</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conviene tomar medidas hemost&#225;ticas adicionales en los pacientes que no han suspendido los ACOD&#46; Se recomendar&#237;a el empleo de forma sistem&#225;tica en estos pacientes de vendajes compresivos no isqu&#233;micos y&#44; en intervenciones grandes&#44; valorar la colocaci&#243;n de drenajes&#46; La optimizaci&#243;n preoperatoria de la tensi&#243;n arterial contribuye a disminuir el riesgo de hemorragia intraoperatoria&#46; Es aconsejable realizar una revisi&#243;n inicial de la herida a las 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h de la intervenci&#243;n si se han utilizado anest&#233;sicos con vasoconstrictores y&#44; en intervenciones complejas&#44; reevaluar la herida a los 3 d&#237;as&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; el paciente deber&#225; ser debidamente informado del potencial riesgo de hemorragia y de las medidas que deber&#225; tomar si esta se produce<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38&#44;39</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Interrupci&#243;n perioperatoria</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hay evidencia que avala que el riesgo hemorr&#225;gico se asocia con la concentraci&#243;n m&#237;nima de f&#225;rmaco y no con la m&#225;xima &#40;picos plasm&#225;ticos&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por ello&#44; previamente a la intervenci&#243;n se recomienda un intervalo de suspensi&#243;n del f&#225;rmaco de al menos 2 semividas de eliminaci&#243;n&#44; lo que deja un efecto residual variable de entre el 12-25&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&#46; En pacientes con funci&#243;n renal normal se aconseja suspender el ACOD 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h antes del procedimiento&#46; En pacientes con funci&#243;n renal disminuida se debe calcular su aclaramiento de creatinina y ajustar el tiempo de suspensi&#243;n &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0030">tabla 6</a>&#41; en funci&#243;n del ACOD empleado &#40;nivel de evidencia 2D&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;18</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Reintroducci&#243;n postoperatoria</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Si la hemostasia ha sido eficaz&#44; el ACOD puede reintroducirse entre 6 y 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h despu&#233;s del procedimiento &#40;nivel de evidencia 2C&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;18&#44;41</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dado que estos f&#225;rmacos tienen una semivida corta y su inicio de acci&#243;n es r&#225;pido&#44; no es preciso realizar una terapia puente perioperatoria&#46; De hecho&#44; hay estudios que la desaconsejan dado que aumentar&#237;a la tasa de hemorragia postoperatoria&#44; sin disminuir el riesgo tromboemb&#243;lico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42&#44;43</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Hemostasia postoperatoria</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La mayor&#237;a de complicaciones hemorr&#225;gicas tras los procedimientos quir&#250;rgicos dermatol&#243;gicos se pueden controlar con medidas locales debido a la accesibilidad a la herida quir&#250;rgica&#46; Estas medidas incluyen el fr&#237;o local&#44; la elevaci&#243;n de la zona intervenida&#44; el recambio de los ap&#243;sitos compresivos&#44; el uso de agentes hemost&#225;ticos t&#243;picos y&#44; en casos persistentes o de hemorragia abundante&#44; la revisi&#243;n quir&#250;rgica de la herida y el uso de electrocoagulaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En funci&#243;n de la gravedad y el fracaso de las medidas anteriores se pueden a&#241;adir otras medidas generales de soporte&#44; que incluyen la administraci&#243;n de sueros&#44; la transfusi&#243;n de hemoderivados y la interrupci&#243;n temporal del ACOD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; Debido a su semivida corta y al pico plasm&#225;tico r&#225;pido&#44; su efecto se reduce r&#225;pidamente tras la &#250;ltima toma&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Solo de forma excepcional y en situaciones de hemorragia abundante&#44; no controlable y que ponga en peligro la vida del paciente&#44; habr&#237;a que emplear otras medidas que van dirigidas a disminuir los niveles plasm&#225;ticos del ACOD o a revertir su efecto&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Entre estas medidas est&#225; el uso de carb&#243;n activado&#44; siempre que se ingiera entre la primera y la sexta horas tras la ingesta del ACOD&#46; Tambi&#233;n se pueden emplear agentes de reversi&#243;n no espec&#237;fica &#40;complejos de concentrados de protrombina que contienen hasta 4 factores de la coagulaci&#243;n activados&#41; y &#225;cido tranex&#225;mico &#40;antifibrinol&#237;tico de administraci&#243;n subcut&#225;nea o endovenosa&#41;&#46; Antes de administrarlos conviene descartar antecedentes tromboemb&#243;licos&#44; historia familiar de trombofilia o el uso concomitante de anticonceptivos hormonales&#46; La hemodi&#225;lisis ha resultado eficaz para revertir los efectos de dabigatr&#225;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45&#8211;49</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por &#250;ltimo&#44; existen ant&#237;dotos espec&#237;ficos para los ACOD que se encuentran en diferentes fases de desarrollo&#46; Solo idarucizumab &#40;Praxbind&#174;&#41;&#44; que es un inhibidor no competitivo de dabigatr&#225;n&#44; est&#225; aprobado por la EMA para revertir sus efectos en intervenciones quir&#250;rgicas urgentes con complicaciones hemorr&#225;gicas con riesgo vital<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conclusiones</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La escasa evidencia disponible sugiere que existe un cierto incremento del riesgo de hemorragia en los pacientes sometidos a intervenciones quir&#250;rgicas dermatol&#243;gicas que est&#225;n en tratamiento con ACOD&#46; Sin embargo&#44; su interrupci&#243;n podr&#237;a incrementar el riesgo tromboemb&#243;lico y debe ser una decisi&#243;n consensuada e individualizada&#46; El candidato ideal para interrumpir el ACOD es aquel paciente con un riesgo tromboemb&#243;lico bajo&#44; pero con una tendencia hemorr&#225;gica elevada que va a someterse a una cirug&#237;a que entra&#241;a un riesgo alto de hemorragia&#46; El tiempo de interrupci&#243;n depender&#225; del f&#225;rmaco y de la funci&#243;n renal&#44; y se debe prestar una atenci&#243;n especial a posibles interacciones farmacol&#243;gicas&#46; Por otra parte&#44; los procedimientos con un riesgo hemorr&#225;gico bajo se pueden llevar a cabo sin suspender la anticoagulaci&#243;n&#46; En cualquier caso&#44; es aconsejable extremar las medidas de hemostasia con vendajes compresivos y&#44; en situaciones con defectos quir&#250;rgicos grandes&#44; realizar controles postoperatorios estrechos&#46; Cuando aparece una complicaci&#243;n hemorr&#225;gica que no se controla con medidas locales se debe considerar la suspensi&#243;n del ACOD&#46; En caso de hemorragia con riesgo vital&#44; situaci&#243;n excepcional en cirug&#237;a dermatol&#243;gica&#44; se puede emplear idarucizumab&#44; un ant&#237;doto espec&#237;fico aprobado que revierte el efecto de dabigatr&#225;n&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1258840"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Anticoagulaci&#243;n"
            1 => "Anticoagulante oral directo"
            2 => "Cirug&#237;a dermatol&#243;gica"
            3 => "Anticoagulantes orales directos"
            4 => "Hemorragia"
            5 => "Hemostasia"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1258839"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Anticoagulation"
            1 => "Direct-acting oral anticoagulant drugs"
            2 => "Dermatologic surgery"
            3 => "Direct-acting oral anticoagulants"
            4 => "Hemorrhage"
            5 => "Hemostasis"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los anticoagulantes orales directos &#40;ACOD&#41; emergen como una alternativa m&#225;s c&#243;moda y segura que los cl&#225;sicos antagonistas de la vitamina K &#40;AVK&#41;&#59; no precisan monitorizaci&#243;n&#44; poseen una ventana terap&#233;utica m&#225;s amplia y tienen menos interacciones farmacol&#243;gicas&#46; Sin embargo&#44; a pesar de que su uso est&#225; cada vez m&#225;s extendido&#44; existe poco consenso sobre cu&#225;l es su manejo perioperatorio &#243;ptimo en cirug&#237;a dermatol&#243;gica&#46; En este art&#237;culo se describen las caracter&#237;sticas de los ACOD y se revisa la evidencia disponible sobre su uso perioperatorio en la cirug&#237;a de la piel&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Direct-acting oral anticoagulants &#40;DOACs&#41; have emerged as safer&#44; easier-to-manage alternatives to traditional vitamin K antagonists and are used increasingly because they require no monitoring&#44; have a wider therapeutic window&#44; and react less with other drugs&#46; However&#44; there is little consensus on optimal perioperative management when these drugs are used in dermatologic surgery&#46; This article describes the characteristics of DOACs and reviews current evidence on their use in this setting&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:8 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figura 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1336
            "Ancho" => 1495
            "Tamanyo" => 116578
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mecanismo de acci&#243;n de los anticoagulantes orales directos en la cascada de coagulaci&#243;n&#46; Rivaroxab&#225;n&#44; apixab&#225;n y edoxab&#225;n act&#250;an inhibiendo al factor Xa&#59; dabigatr&#225;n es un inhibidor directo de la trombina&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Figura 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 3261
            "Ancho" => 2508
            "Tamanyo" => 466240
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Algoritmo propuesto para el manejo de pacientes con ACOD que vayan a someterse a cirug&#237;a dermatol&#243;gica&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at1"
            "detalle" => "Tabla "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ACOD&#58; anticoagulantes orales directos&#59; CYP&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cytochrome P450&#59;</span> TE&#58; tiempo de ecarina&#59; Tmax&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Time to maximum plasma concentration</span> &#40;tiempo requerido para alcanzar la concentraci&#243;n m&#225;xima del f&#225;rmaco en sangre&#41;&#59; TTd&#58; tiempo de trombina diluida con plasma&#59; IIa&#58; II activado&#59; Xa&#58; X activado&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dabigatr&#225;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rivaroxab&#225;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Apixab&#225;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Edoxab&#225;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Factor inhibido&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Xa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Xa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Xa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Biodisponibilidad&#59; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">66-80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tmax&#59; h&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1-3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2-4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1-2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1-2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Semivida&#59; h&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12-17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6-12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10-14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Metabolismo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Esterasas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CYP3A4&#47;5&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CYP2J2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CYP3A4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hidr&#243;lisis<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CYP3A4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Eliminaci&#243;n renal&#59; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Monitorizaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TE&#44; TTd&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Actividad anti-Xa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Actividad anti-Xa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Actividad anti-Xa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Antagonista&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Idarucizumab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Andexanet alfa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Andexanet alfa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Andexanet alfa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2352174.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Propiedades farmacocin&#233;ticas y antagonistas de los ACOD</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
            "detalle" => "Tabla "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ACOD&#58; anticoagulantes orales directos&#59; BCRP&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">breast cancer resistance protein&#59;</span> CYP&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cytochrome P450&#59;</span> P-gp&#58; glicoprote&#237;na P&#59; IIa&#58; II activado&#59; Xa&#58; X activado&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mecanismo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Inhibidor factor IIa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Inhibidores factor Xa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Antimic&#243;ticos azoles<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> &#40;p&#46; ej&#46;&#44; itraconazol&#44; ketoconazol&#44; voriconazol&#44; posaconazol&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Competidor potente P-gp&#44; BCRP&#59; inhibidor CYP3A4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Contraindicado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ContraindicadoEdoxab&#225;n reducir dosis 50&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dronedarona&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Competidor P-gp&#44; inhibidor CYP3A4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Contraindicado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Precauci&#243;n&#47;evitarEdoxab&#225;n reducir dosis 50&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Inhibidores de la proteasa VIH &#40;p&#46; ej&#46;&#44; indinavir&#44; ritonavir&#44; lopinavir&#44; darunavir&#44; fosamprenavir&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Competidor potente P-gp&#44; BCRP&#59; inhibidor CYP3A4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Contraindicado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Contraindicado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Claritromicina&#44; eritromicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Competidor moderado P-gp&#59; inhibidor CYP3A4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Precauci&#243;n&#47;evitar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Precauci&#243;n&#47;evitarEdoxab&#225;n reducir dosis 50&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Rifampicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Inductor P-gp&#47;BCRP y CYP3A4&#47;CYP2J&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Contraindicado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Contraindicado Edoxab&#225;n precauci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Carbamazepina&#44; fenito&#237;na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Inductor P-gp&#47;BCRP y CYP3A4&#47;CYP2J&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Contraindicado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Precauci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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            0 => array:3 [
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Fluconazol inhibe CYP3A4 de forma moderada&#44; por lo que es preferible evitarlo&#44; aunque no quedar&#237;a completamente contraindicado&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Principales interacciones de los ACOD&#46; Los f&#225;rmacos inductores del metabolismo incrementan el riesgo tromboemb&#243;lico&#44; mientras que los inhibidores&#47;competidores incrementan el riesgo hemorr&#225;gico</p>"
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          0 => array:3 [
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AINE&#58; antiinflamatorio no esteroideo&#59; HAS-BLED&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">hypertension&#44; abnormal liver&#47;renal function&#44; stroke history&#44;&#160;bleeding&#160;history or predisposition&#44; labile INR&#44; elderly&#44; drug&#47;alcohol usage&#59;</span> INR&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">international normalized ratio&#46;</span></p><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fuente&#58; Adaptaci&#243;n de Doherty et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HAS-BLED&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Puntuaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hipertensi&#243;n sist&#243;lica &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>160<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Funci&#243;n renal o hep&#225;tica anormal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 cada una&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ictus previo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Historia de hemorragia mayor&#47;predisposici&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">INR l&#225;bil o inestable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Edad<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>65 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">F&#225;rmacos antiplaquetarios&#44; AINE o historia de alcoholismo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 cada una&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#205;ndice HAS-BLED&#46; Una puntuaci&#243;n de 3 o m&#225;s puntos es altamente predictiva de presentar un proceso hemorr&#225;gico</p>"
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            "identificador" => "at4"
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            "rol" => "short"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fuente&#58; Adaptaci&#243;n de Sporbeck et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Intervenciones que implican m&#250;ltiples capas &#40;fascia&#44; m&#250;sculo&#44; cart&#237;lago&#44; hueso&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Defecto quir&#250;rgico grande &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#41; o cierre con injerto&#47;colgajo de gran tama&#241;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Intervenciones con un acceso visual restringido del campo quir&#250;rgico &#40;liposucci&#243;n&#44; intervenciones ganglionares&#44; anorrectales&#44; o de cavidad oral&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Procedimientos quir&#250;rgicos cut&#225;neos que entra&#241;an un mayor riesgo hemorr&#225;gico postoperatorio</p>"
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        "identificador" => "tbl0025"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CHA2DS2&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">congestive heart failure&#44; hypertension&#44; age</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8805;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">75 years&#44; diabetes mellitus&#44; stroke or transient ischemic attack</span> &#40;TIA&#41;&#59; VASc&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vascular disease&#44; age 65 to 74 years&#44; sex category</span>&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Tromboembolismo venoso&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Fibrilaci&#243;n auricular&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">V&#225;lvula card&#237;aca mec&#225;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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Article information
ISSN: 00017310
Original language: Spanish
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Idiomas
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