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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La clasificaci&#243;n automatizada de im&#225;genes por reconocimiento de patrones es una rama del aprendizaje autom&#225;tico &#40;del ingl&#233;s &#171;Machine Learning&#187; &#91;ML&#93;&#41; que ofrece al dermat&#243;logo una herramienta &#250;til para diagn&#243;stico de c&#225;ncer de piel<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Las redes neuronales convolucionales profundas &#40;del ingl&#233;s &#171;Deep convolutional neural networks&#187; &#91;DCNN&#93;&#41; han mejorado de manera extraordinaria la precisi&#243;n en el aprendizaje de patrones y la clasificaci&#243;n de objetos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#44; son utilizadas de manera satisfactoria en la clasificaci&#243;n de im&#225;genes dermatosc&#243;picas de lesiones cut&#225;neas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; la selecci&#243;n de im&#225;genes mediante ML presenta en la actualidad ciertas restricciones que evitan su uso generalizado&#46; En el presente estudio se eval&#250;an algunos de los criterios de exclusi&#243;n para la selecci&#243;n de im&#225;genes de neoplasias cut&#225;neas &#40;con especial &#233;nfasis en el melanoma&#41; por ML&#44; mencionados en trabajos recientes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#44;5</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Materiales y m&#233;todos</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio se realiz&#243; en un hospital universitario de tercer nivel especializado en c&#225;ncer cut&#225;neo&#44; localizado en Barcelona&#44; Espa&#241;a&#46; Se dise&#241;&#243; un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo donde se incluyeron de manera consecutiva 2&#46;849 im&#225;genes dermatosc&#243;picas de alta calidad de tumores cut&#225;neos&#44; obtenidas a partir de la base de datos de la Unidad de Melanoma&#44; recogidas entre el 2010 y 2014&#46; Se utiliz&#243; el sistema de microscopia de epiluminiscencia fotogr&#225;fica digital DermLite&#174; 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gen con una conexi&#243;n de rosca de 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm y una c&#225;mara Canon modelo G16&#46; Se cont&#243; con el diagn&#243;stico histol&#243;gico en 2&#46;429 de las im&#225;genes&#46; Finalmente&#44; las im&#225;genes se clasificaron seg&#250;n si cumpl&#237;an o no los criterios de exclusi&#243;n para el an&#225;lisis por ML&#44; seg&#250;n los mencionados en la bibliograf&#237;a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#44;5</span></a>&#58; dificultad en la detecci&#243;n del borde de la lesi&#243;n &#40;ausencia de pigmentaci&#243;n&#44; ausencia de piel normal circundante&#44; presencia de pelo&#44; ubicaci&#243;n en piel volar&#41;&#44; met&#225;stasis cut&#225;nea o lesi&#243;n ulcerada&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio fue aprobado por el comit&#233; de &#233;tica de nuestro centro&#46; Todos los procedimientos con participantes humanos se realizaron de acuerdo con los est&#225;ndares &#233;ticos del comit&#233; de investigaci&#243;n institucional y con la declaraci&#243;n de Helsinki de 1964 y sus enmiendas posteriores o est&#225;ndares &#233;ticos comparables&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Resultados</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De las 2&#46;849 im&#225;genes obtenidas a partir de nuestra base de datos&#44; 968 &#40;34&#37;&#41; se consideraron elegibles ya que no presentaron ning&#250;n criterio de exclusi&#243;n para su an&#225;lisis por ML&#46; Nevus&#44; melanomas y carcinomas basocelulares fueron las lesiones m&#225;s frecuentes de nuestra base de datos&#46; Solo el 64&#44;7&#37; de los nevus y el 36&#44;6&#37; de los melanomas no ten&#237;an ning&#250;n criterio de exclusi&#243;n &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; De los 528 melanomas&#44; 335 &#40;63&#44;4&#37;&#41; fueron excluidos&#46; La ausencia de piel circundante normal &#40;40&#44;5&#37; de todos los melanomas&#41; y la ausencia de pigmentaci&#243;n &#40;14&#44;2&#37;&#41; fueron las causas m&#225;s comunes de exclusi&#243;n&#46; Otros motivos de exclusi&#243;n se muestran en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El melanoma representa la causa m&#225;s frecuente de muerte por neoplasias cut&#225;neas&#46; El diagn&#243;stico y el tratamiento precoz mejoran significativamente su pron&#243;stico&#46; Se requiere el desarrollo de un m&#233;todo de detecci&#243;n que sea eficaz&#46; La clasificaci&#243;n autom&#225;tica de im&#225;genes a partir del reconocimiento de patrones puede alcanzar una precisi&#243;n diagn&#243;stica similar a la de un dermat&#243;logo experto<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; existen algunas limitaciones que tendr&#225;n que ser superadas&#46; Entre ellas se destacan los criterios de exclusi&#243;n utilizados en la selecci&#243;n de las im&#225;genes de las neoplasias cut&#225;neas&#46; A pesar de que a partir de nuestra base de datos se seleccionaron &#250;nicamente im&#225;genes dermatosc&#243;picas de alta calidad&#44; solo el 34&#37; de ellas no ten&#237;a ning&#250;n criterio de exclusi&#243;n que permitiera su clasificaci&#243;n con los algoritmos de &#250;ltima generaci&#243;n de ML&#46; Este hecho disminuye considerablemente la utilidad diagn&#243;stica en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica diaria de algunos sistemas de ML&#46; Por otro lado&#44; las lesiones de gran tama&#241;o representan un problema importante para la utilizaci&#243;n de los algoritmos de ML&#44; ya que estas no se ajustan al di&#225;metro de la mayor&#237;a de las lentes dermatosc&#243;picas&#46; Esto afecta la clasificaci&#243;n mediante la mayor&#237;a de algoritmos de ML&#44; que requieren de la segmentaci&#243;n de la imagen para su an&#225;lisis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Por otro lado&#44; aunque en algunos trabajos se han propuesto m&#233;todos de detecci&#243;n&#47;eliminaci&#243;n del vello<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#44; el rendimiento de la mayor&#237;a de los sistemas de ML se ve perjudicado por su presencia&#46; Por &#250;ltimo&#44; cabe destacar que las bases de datos empleadas para el entrenamiento de los algoritmos actuales tienen poca representaci&#243;n de im&#225;genes de lesiones de piel volar&#44; lo que dificulta la correcta clasificaci&#243;n en estas localizaciones&#46; Afortunadamente se est&#225; avanzando r&#225;pidamente para superar estas limitaciones en la selecci&#243;n de im&#225;genes para la inteligencia artificial&#46; Como muestra de ello&#44; Yu et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> publicaron recientemente un trabajo en el que se utiliz&#243; el DCNN para la clasificaci&#243;n de melanoma acral y de nevus en piel volar&#46; En el presente trabajo se consideraron las limitaciones de la mayor&#237;a&#44; pero no de todos los sistemas de ML existentes en la actualidad&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestro estudio muestra que los principales criterios de exclusi&#243;n de im&#225;genes de melanoma para clasificaci&#243;n mediante ML&#44; fueron la ausencia de piel normal circundante y la ausencia de pigmentaci&#243;n&#46; Gran parte de los melanomas se desarrollan sobre piel con da&#241;o act&#237;nico&#44; por lo que la piel circundante puede ser patol&#243;gica&#44; lo que dificulta su an&#225;lisis por la mayor&#237;a de los sistemas de ML actuales&#44; ya que el borde de la lesi&#243;n no est&#225; bien definido<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; el melanoma amelan&#243;tico&#44; que representa del 2&#37; al 8&#37; de todos los melanomas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#44; a&#250;n no se puede diagnosticar correctamente por la mayor&#237;a de los sistemas actuales de ML&#46; Consideramos que todas estas limitaciones podr&#237;an resolverse a partir del dise&#241;o de algoritmos de ML que puedan trabajar con im&#225;genes incompletas&#44; incrementando el tama&#241;o de las bases de datos y seleccionando un mayor n&#250;mero de im&#225;genes de dermatoscopia que sean representativas de la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica habitual&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En conclusi&#243;n&#44; consideramos que los sistemas de ML&#44; especialmente aquellos basados en el &#171;deep learning&#187;&#44; no solo convertir&#225;n el ML en una herramienta valiosa para el dermat&#243;logo&#44; sino tambi&#233;n para la poblaci&#243;n en general&#46; Sin embargo&#44; estos sistemas deber&#225;n superar algunas limitaciones que les permitir&#225;n ampliar el espectro de las im&#225;genes clasificables&#46; El avance en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os ha sido r&#225;pido y evidente ya que&#44; incluso algunos de los criterios de exclusi&#243;n que hemos tenido en cuenta en este trabajo han sido recientemente resueltos por algoritmos presentados en el Simposio Internacional ISIC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio de la Unidad de Melanoma&#44; Hospital Cl&#237;nic&#44; Barcelona fue financiado en parte por subvenciones del Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias P&#46;I&#46; 12&#47;00840&#44; PI15&#47;00956 y PI15&#47;00716 Espa&#241;a&#59; por el CIBER de Enfermedades Raras del Instituto de Salud Carlos III&#44; Espa&#241;a&#44; cofinanciado por el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional &#40;FEDER&#41;&#46; Uni&#243;n Europea&#46; Una manera de hacer Europa&#59; por el AGAUR 2014&#95;SGR&#95;603 y 2017&#95;SGR&#95;1134 del Gobierno catal&#225;n&#44; Espa&#241;a&#59; por una beca de la &#171;Fundaci&#243; La Marat&#243; de TV3&#44; 201331-30&#187;&#44; Catalu&#241;a&#44; Espa&#241;a&#59; por la Comisi&#243;n Europea bajo el 6&#46;&#176; Programa Marco&#44; Contrato n&#46;&#176;&#58; LSHC-CT-2006-018702 &#40;GenoMEL&#41;&#59; por el programa CERCA&#47;Generalitat de Catalunya y por una beca de investigaci&#243;n de la Fundaci&#243;n Cient&#237;fica de la Asociaci&#243;n Espa&#241;ola Contra el C&#225;ncer GCB15152978SOEN&#44; Espa&#241;a&#46; Parte del trabajo se desarroll&#243; en el edificio Centro Esther Koplowitz&#44; Barcelona&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            2 => "Dermatoscopia"
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            1 => "Skin cancer"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Antecedentes</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La clasificaci&#243;n autom&#225;tica de im&#225;genes es una rama prometedora del aprendizaje autom&#225;tico &#40;de sus siglas en ingl&#233;s Machine Learning &#91;ML&#93;&#41;&#44; y es una herramienta &#250;til en el diagn&#243;stico de c&#225;ncer de piel&#46; Sin embargo&#44; poco se ha estudiado acerca de las limitaciones de su uso en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica diaria&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determinar las limitaciones que existen en cuanto a la selecci&#243;n de im&#225;genes usadas para el an&#225;lisis por ML de las neoplasias cut&#225;neas&#44; en particular del melanoma&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se dise&#241;&#243; un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo&#44; donde se incluyeron de forma consecutiva 2&#46;849 im&#225;genes dermatosc&#243;picas de alta calidad de tumores cut&#225;neos para su valoraci&#243;n por un sistema de ML&#44; recogidas entre los a&#241;os 2010 y 2014&#46; Cada imagen dermatosc&#243;pica fue clasificada seg&#250;n las caracter&#237;sticas de elegibilidad para el an&#225;lisis por ML&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Resultados</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">De las 2&#46;849 im&#225;genes elegidas a partir de nuestra base de datos&#44; 968 &#40;34&#37;&#41; cumplieron los criterios de inclusi&#243;n&#46; De los 528 melanomas&#44; 335 &#40;63&#44;4&#37;&#41; fueron excluidos&#46; La ausencia de piel normal circundante &#40;40&#44;5&#37; de todos los melanomas de nuestra base de datos&#41; y la ausencia de pigmentaci&#243;n &#40;14&#44;2&#37;&#41; fueron las causas m&#225;s frecuentes de exclusi&#243;n para el an&#225;lisis por ML&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Solo el 36&#44;6&#37; de nuestros melanomas se consideraron aceptables para el an&#225;lisis por sistemas de ML de &#250;ltima generaci&#243;n&#46; Concluimos que los futuros sistemas de ML deber&#225;n ser entrenados a partir de bases de datos m&#225;s grandes que incluyan im&#225;genes representativas de la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica habitual&#46; Afortunadamente&#44; muchas de estas limitaciones est&#225;n siendo superadas gracias a los avances realizados recientemente por la comunidad cient&#237;fica&#44; como se ha demostrado en trabajos recientes&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Background</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Automated image classification is a promising branch of machine learning &#40;ML&#41; useful for skin cancer diagnosis&#44; but little has been determined about its limitations for general usability in current clinical practice&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objective</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine limitations in the selection of skin cancer images for ML analysis&#44; particularly in melanoma&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Methods</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Retrospective cohort study design&#44; including 2&#44;849 consecutive high-quality dermoscopy images of skin tumors from 2010 to 2014&#44; for evaluation by a ML system&#46; Each dermoscopy image was assorted according to its eligibility for ML analysis&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Results</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Of the 2&#44;849 images chosen from our database&#44; 968 &#40;34&#37;&#41; met the inclusion criteria for analysis by the ML system&#46; Only 64&#46;7&#37; of nevi and 36&#46;6&#37; of melanoma met the inclusion criteria&#46; Of the 528 melanomas&#44; 335 &#40;63&#46;4&#37;&#41; were excluded&#46; An absence of normal surrounding skin &#40;40&#46;5&#37; of all melanomas from our database&#41; and absence of pigmentation &#40;14&#46;2&#37;&#41; were the most common reasons for exclusion from ML analysis&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Discussion</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Only 36&#46;6&#37; of our melanomas were admissible for analysis by state-of-the-art ML systems&#46; We conclude that future ML systems should be trained on larger datasets which include relevant non-ideal images from lesions evaluated in real clinical practice&#46; Fortunately&#44; many of these limitations are being overcome by the scientific community as recent works show&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ausencia de alg&#250;n criterio potencial de exclusi&#243;n &#40;&#37; del total por localizaci&#243;n o diagn&#243;stico&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Localizaci&#243;n</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cabeza y cuello&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">633&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;76&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">191&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;23&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">824&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Extremidades superiores&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">159&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;62&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;37&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">256&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Extremidades inferiores&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">297&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;60&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">195&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;39&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">492&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Piel volar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;100&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tronco&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">538&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;53&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">475&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;46&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mucosas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;83&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;16&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Otro&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">149&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;81&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;19&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">184&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diagn&#243;stico</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Carcinoma basocelular&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">295&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;69&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">129&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;30&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">424&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Carcinoma epidermoide&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;89&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;10&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cicatriz&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;77&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;22&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Dermatofibroma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;77&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;22&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lentigo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;66&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;33&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Melanoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">335&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;63&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">193&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;36&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">528&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Met&#225;stasis cut&#225;nea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;100&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nevus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">256&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;35&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">470&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;64&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">726&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Queratosis act&#237;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">137&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;78&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;21&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">175&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Queratosis seborreica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;67&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;32&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">140&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Otros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">225&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;82&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;17&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">273&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diagn&#243;stico patol&#243;gico NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">420&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => """
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">B&#46; Razones de exclusi&#243;n&#46;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Melanoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N&#250;mero de excluidos &#40;&#37; del total de melanomas&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Razones de exclusi&#243;n</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ausencia de pigmentaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">75 &#40;14&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ausencia de piel circundante normal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">214 &#40;40&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Presencia de pelo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28 &#40;5&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Met&#225;stasis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29 &#40;5&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Localizaci&#243;n en piel volar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23 &#40;4&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lesi&#243;n ulcerada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;3&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A&#46; Im&#225;genes seleccionadas para el an&#225;lisis por ML&#46; Localizaci&#243;n y diagn&#243;stico</p>"
        ]
      ]
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    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:8 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0045"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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ORIGINAL
Uso del aprendizaje automático en el diagnóstico del melanoma. Limitaciones por superar
Machine Learning in Melanoma Diagnosis. Limitations About to be Overcome
C. González-Cruza, M.A. Jofrea, S. Podlipnika,b, M. Combaliaa, D. Gareaud, M. Gamboaa, M.G. Vallonea, Z. Faride Barragán-Estudilloa, A.L. Tamez-Peñaa, J. Montoyaa, M. América Jesús-Silvaa, C. Carreraa,b,c, J. Malvehya,b,c, S. Puiga,b,c,
Corresponding author
susipuig@gmail.com
susipuig@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
a Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
b Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, España
c CIBER en Enfermedades raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, España
d Laboratory of Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, Nueva York, EE. UU.
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La clasificaci&#243;n automatizada de im&#225;genes por reconocimiento de patrones es una rama del aprendizaje autom&#225;tico &#40;del ingl&#233;s &#171;Machine Learning&#187; &#91;ML&#93;&#41; que ofrece al dermat&#243;logo una herramienta &#250;til para diagn&#243;stico de c&#225;ncer de piel<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Las redes neuronales convolucionales profundas &#40;del ingl&#233;s &#171;Deep convolutional neural networks&#187; &#91;DCNN&#93;&#41; han mejorado de manera extraordinaria la precisi&#243;n en el aprendizaje de patrones y la clasificaci&#243;n de objetos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#44; son utilizadas de manera satisfactoria en la clasificaci&#243;n de im&#225;genes dermatosc&#243;picas de lesiones cut&#225;neas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; la selecci&#243;n de im&#225;genes mediante ML presenta en la actualidad ciertas restricciones que evitan su uso generalizado&#46; En el presente estudio se eval&#250;an algunos de los criterios de exclusi&#243;n para la selecci&#243;n de im&#225;genes de neoplasias cut&#225;neas &#40;con especial &#233;nfasis en el melanoma&#41; por ML&#44; mencionados en trabajos recientes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#44;5</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Materiales y m&#233;todos</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio se realiz&#243; en un hospital universitario de tercer nivel especializado en c&#225;ncer cut&#225;neo&#44; localizado en Barcelona&#44; Espa&#241;a&#46; Se dise&#241;&#243; un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo donde se incluyeron de manera consecutiva 2&#46;849 im&#225;genes dermatosc&#243;picas de alta calidad de tumores cut&#225;neos&#44; obtenidas a partir de la base de datos de la Unidad de Melanoma&#44; recogidas entre el 2010 y 2014&#46; Se utiliz&#243; el sistema de microscopia de epiluminiscencia fotogr&#225;fica digital DermLite&#174; 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gen con una conexi&#243;n de rosca de 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm y una c&#225;mara Canon modelo G16&#46; Se cont&#243; con el diagn&#243;stico histol&#243;gico en 2&#46;429 de las im&#225;genes&#46; Finalmente&#44; las im&#225;genes se clasificaron seg&#250;n si cumpl&#237;an o no los criterios de exclusi&#243;n para el an&#225;lisis por ML&#44; seg&#250;n los mencionados en la bibliograf&#237;a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#44;5</span></a>&#58; dificultad en la detecci&#243;n del borde de la lesi&#243;n &#40;ausencia de pigmentaci&#243;n&#44; ausencia de piel normal circundante&#44; presencia de pelo&#44; ubicaci&#243;n en piel volar&#41;&#44; met&#225;stasis cut&#225;nea o lesi&#243;n ulcerada&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio fue aprobado por el comit&#233; de &#233;tica de nuestro centro&#46; Todos los procedimientos con participantes humanos se realizaron de acuerdo con los est&#225;ndares &#233;ticos del comit&#233; de investigaci&#243;n institucional y con la declaraci&#243;n de Helsinki de 1964 y sus enmiendas posteriores o est&#225;ndares &#233;ticos comparables&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Resultados</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De las 2&#46;849 im&#225;genes obtenidas a partir de nuestra base de datos&#44; 968 &#40;34&#37;&#41; se consideraron elegibles ya que no presentaron ning&#250;n criterio de exclusi&#243;n para su an&#225;lisis por ML&#46; Nevus&#44; melanomas y carcinomas basocelulares fueron las lesiones m&#225;s frecuentes de nuestra base de datos&#46; Solo el 64&#44;7&#37; de los nevus y el 36&#44;6&#37; de los melanomas no ten&#237;an ning&#250;n criterio de exclusi&#243;n &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; De los 528 melanomas&#44; 335 &#40;63&#44;4&#37;&#41; fueron excluidos&#46; La ausencia de piel circundante normal &#40;40&#44;5&#37; de todos los melanomas&#41; y la ausencia de pigmentaci&#243;n &#40;14&#44;2&#37;&#41; fueron las causas m&#225;s comunes de exclusi&#243;n&#46; Otros motivos de exclusi&#243;n se muestran en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El melanoma representa la causa m&#225;s frecuente de muerte por neoplasias cut&#225;neas&#46; El diagn&#243;stico y el tratamiento precoz mejoran significativamente su pron&#243;stico&#46; Se requiere el desarrollo de un m&#233;todo de detecci&#243;n que sea eficaz&#46; La clasificaci&#243;n autom&#225;tica de im&#225;genes a partir del reconocimiento de patrones puede alcanzar una precisi&#243;n diagn&#243;stica similar a la de un dermat&#243;logo experto<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; existen algunas limitaciones que tendr&#225;n que ser superadas&#46; Entre ellas se destacan los criterios de exclusi&#243;n utilizados en la selecci&#243;n de las im&#225;genes de las neoplasias cut&#225;neas&#46; A pesar de que a partir de nuestra base de datos se seleccionaron &#250;nicamente im&#225;genes dermatosc&#243;picas de alta calidad&#44; solo el 34&#37; de ellas no ten&#237;a ning&#250;n criterio de exclusi&#243;n que permitiera su clasificaci&#243;n con los algoritmos de &#250;ltima generaci&#243;n de ML&#46; Este hecho disminuye considerablemente la utilidad diagn&#243;stica en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica diaria de algunos sistemas de ML&#46; Por otro lado&#44; las lesiones de gran tama&#241;o representan un problema importante para la utilizaci&#243;n de los algoritmos de ML&#44; ya que estas no se ajustan al di&#225;metro de la mayor&#237;a de las lentes dermatosc&#243;picas&#46; Esto afecta la clasificaci&#243;n mediante la mayor&#237;a de algoritmos de ML&#44; que requieren de la segmentaci&#243;n de la imagen para su an&#225;lisis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Por otro lado&#44; aunque en algunos trabajos se han propuesto m&#233;todos de detecci&#243;n&#47;eliminaci&#243;n del vello<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#44; el rendimiento de la mayor&#237;a de los sistemas de ML se ve perjudicado por su presencia&#46; Por &#250;ltimo&#44; cabe destacar que las bases de datos empleadas para el entrenamiento de los algoritmos actuales tienen poca representaci&#243;n de im&#225;genes de lesiones de piel volar&#44; lo que dificulta la correcta clasificaci&#243;n en estas localizaciones&#46; Afortunadamente se est&#225; avanzando r&#225;pidamente para superar estas limitaciones en la selecci&#243;n de im&#225;genes para la inteligencia artificial&#46; Como muestra de ello&#44; Yu et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> publicaron recientemente un trabajo en el que se utiliz&#243; el DCNN para la clasificaci&#243;n de melanoma acral y de nevus en piel volar&#46; En el presente trabajo se consideraron las limitaciones de la mayor&#237;a&#44; pero no de todos los sistemas de ML existentes en la actualidad&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestro estudio muestra que los principales criterios de exclusi&#243;n de im&#225;genes de melanoma para clasificaci&#243;n mediante ML&#44; fueron la ausencia de piel normal circundante y la ausencia de pigmentaci&#243;n&#46; Gran parte de los melanomas se desarrollan sobre piel con da&#241;o act&#237;nico&#44; por lo que la piel circundante puede ser patol&#243;gica&#44; lo que dificulta su an&#225;lisis por la mayor&#237;a de los sistemas de ML actuales&#44; ya que el borde de la lesi&#243;n no est&#225; bien definido<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; el melanoma amelan&#243;tico&#44; que representa del 2&#37; al 8&#37; de todos los melanomas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#44; a&#250;n no se puede diagnosticar correctamente por la mayor&#237;a de los sistemas actuales de ML&#46; Consideramos que todas estas limitaciones podr&#237;an resolverse a partir del dise&#241;o de algoritmos de ML que puedan trabajar con im&#225;genes incompletas&#44; incrementando el tama&#241;o de las bases de datos y seleccionando un mayor n&#250;mero de im&#225;genes de dermatoscopia que sean representativas de la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica habitual&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En conclusi&#243;n&#44; consideramos que los sistemas de ML&#44; especialmente aquellos basados en el &#171;deep learning&#187;&#44; no solo convertir&#225;n el ML en una herramienta valiosa para el dermat&#243;logo&#44; sino tambi&#233;n para la poblaci&#243;n en general&#46; Sin embargo&#44; estos sistemas deber&#225;n superar algunas limitaciones que les permitir&#225;n ampliar el espectro de las im&#225;genes clasificables&#46; El avance en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os ha sido r&#225;pido y evidente ya que&#44; incluso algunos de los criterios de exclusi&#243;n que hemos tenido en cuenta en este trabajo han sido recientemente resueltos por algoritmos presentados en el Simposio Internacional ISIC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio de la Unidad de Melanoma&#44; Hospital Cl&#237;nic&#44; Barcelona fue financiado en parte por subvenciones del Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias P&#46;I&#46; 12&#47;00840&#44; PI15&#47;00956 y PI15&#47;00716 Espa&#241;a&#59; por el CIBER de Enfermedades Raras del Instituto de Salud Carlos III&#44; Espa&#241;a&#44; cofinanciado por el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional &#40;FEDER&#41;&#46; Uni&#243;n Europea&#46; Una manera de hacer Europa&#59; por el AGAUR 2014&#95;SGR&#95;603 y 2017&#95;SGR&#95;1134 del Gobierno catal&#225;n&#44; Espa&#241;a&#59; por una beca de la &#171;Fundaci&#243; La Marat&#243; de TV3&#44; 201331-30&#187;&#44; Catalu&#241;a&#44; Espa&#241;a&#59; por la Comisi&#243;n Europea bajo el 6&#46;&#176; Programa Marco&#44; Contrato n&#46;&#176;&#58; LSHC-CT-2006-018702 &#40;GenoMEL&#41;&#59; por el programa CERCA&#47;Generalitat de Catalunya y por una beca de investigaci&#243;n de la Fundaci&#243;n Cient&#237;fica de la Asociaci&#243;n Espa&#241;ola Contra el C&#225;ncer GCB15152978SOEN&#44; Espa&#241;a&#46; 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          "titulo" => "Abstract"
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          "titulo" => "Conflicto de intereses"
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          "titulo" => "Agradecimientos"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2019-08-11"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2019-09-16"
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          "palabras" => array:7 [
            0 => "Melanoma"
            1 => "C&#225;ncer de piel"
            2 => "Dermatoscopia"
            3 => "Clasificaci&#243;n de im&#225;genes"
            4 => "Aprendizaje autom&#225;tico"
            5 => "Inteligencia artificial"
            6 => "Redes neuronales convolucionales"
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            0 => "Melanoma"
            1 => "Skin cancer"
            2 => "Dermoscopy"
            3 => "Image classification"
            4 => "Machine learning"
            5 => "Artificial Intelligence"
            6 => "Convolutional neural networks"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Antecedentes</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La clasificaci&#243;n autom&#225;tica de im&#225;genes es una rama prometedora del aprendizaje autom&#225;tico &#40;de sus siglas en ingl&#233;s Machine Learning &#91;ML&#93;&#41;&#44; y es una herramienta &#250;til en el diagn&#243;stico de c&#225;ncer de piel&#46; Sin embargo&#44; poco se ha estudiado acerca de las limitaciones de su uso en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica diaria&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determinar las limitaciones que existen en cuanto a la selecci&#243;n de im&#225;genes usadas para el an&#225;lisis por ML de las neoplasias cut&#225;neas&#44; en particular del melanoma&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se dise&#241;&#243; un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo&#44; donde se incluyeron de forma consecutiva 2&#46;849 im&#225;genes dermatosc&#243;picas de alta calidad de tumores cut&#225;neos para su valoraci&#243;n por un sistema de ML&#44; recogidas entre los a&#241;os 2010 y 2014&#46; Cada imagen dermatosc&#243;pica fue clasificada seg&#250;n las caracter&#237;sticas de elegibilidad para el an&#225;lisis por ML&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Resultados</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">De las 2&#46;849 im&#225;genes elegidas a partir de nuestra base de datos&#44; 968 &#40;34&#37;&#41; cumplieron los criterios de inclusi&#243;n&#46; De los 528 melanomas&#44; 335 &#40;63&#44;4&#37;&#41; fueron excluidos&#46; La ausencia de piel normal circundante &#40;40&#44;5&#37; de todos los melanomas de nuestra base de datos&#41; y la ausencia de pigmentaci&#243;n &#40;14&#44;2&#37;&#41; fueron las causas m&#225;s frecuentes de exclusi&#243;n para el an&#225;lisis por ML&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Solo el 36&#44;6&#37; de nuestros melanomas se consideraron aceptables para el an&#225;lisis por sistemas de ML de &#250;ltima generaci&#243;n&#46; Concluimos que los futuros sistemas de ML deber&#225;n ser entrenados a partir de bases de datos m&#225;s grandes que incluyan im&#225;genes representativas de la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica habitual&#46; Afortunadamente&#44; muchas de estas limitaciones est&#225;n siendo superadas gracias a los avances realizados recientemente por la comunidad cient&#237;fica&#44; como se ha demostrado en trabajos recientes&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:5 [
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            "titulo" => "Antecedentes"
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            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
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            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Background</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Automated image classification is a promising branch of machine learning &#40;ML&#41; useful for skin cancer diagnosis&#44; but little has been determined about its limitations for general usability in current clinical practice&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objective</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine limitations in the selection of skin cancer images for ML analysis&#44; particularly in melanoma&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Methods</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Retrospective cohort study design&#44; including 2&#44;849 consecutive high-quality dermoscopy images of skin tumors from 2010 to 2014&#44; for evaluation by a ML system&#46; Each dermoscopy image was assorted according to its eligibility for ML analysis&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Results</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Of the 2&#44;849 images chosen from our database&#44; 968 &#40;34&#37;&#41; met the inclusion criteria for analysis by the ML system&#46; Only 64&#46;7&#37; of nevi and 36&#46;6&#37; of melanoma met the inclusion criteria&#46; Of the 528 melanomas&#44; 335 &#40;63&#46;4&#37;&#41; were excluded&#46; An absence of normal surrounding skin &#40;40&#46;5&#37; of all melanomas from our database&#41; and absence of pigmentation &#40;14&#46;2&#37;&#41; were the most common reasons for exclusion from ML analysis&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Discussion</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Only 36&#46;6&#37; of our melanomas were admissible for analysis by state-of-the-art ML systems&#46; We conclude that future ML systems should be trained on larger datasets which include relevant non-ideal images from lesions evaluated in real clinical practice&#46; Fortunately&#44; many of these limitations are being overcome by the scientific community as recent works show&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">159&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;37&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">297&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;100&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;16&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Otro&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">149&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;81&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;19&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">184&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diagn&#243;stico</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Carcinoma basocelular&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">295&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;69&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">129&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;30&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">424&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Carcinoma epidermoide&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;89&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;10&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cicatriz&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;77&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;22&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Dermatofibroma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;77&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;22&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lentigo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;66&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;33&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Melanoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">335&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;63&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">193&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;36&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">528&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Met&#225;stasis cut&#225;nea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;100&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nevus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">256&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;35&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">470&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;64&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">726&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Queratosis act&#237;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">137&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;78&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;21&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">175&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Queratosis seborreica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;67&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;32&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">140&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;82&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Celebi M&#44; Wen Q&#44; Iyatomi H&#44; Shimizu K&#44; Zhou H&#44; Schaefer G&#46; A state-of-the-art survey on lesion border detection in dermoscopy images&#46; In&#58; Celebi ME&#44; Mendonca T&#44; Marques J&#44; eds&#46; Dermoscopy image analysis&#46; Boca Raton&#44; FL&#58; CRC Press&#59; 2015&#46;"
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                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Yu"
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        "texto" => "<p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gracias a nuestros pacientes y a sus familias&#44; que son la raz&#243;n principal de nuestros estudios&#59; a las enfermeras de la Unidad de Melanoma del Hospital Cl&#237;nic de Barcelona&#44; Daniel Gabriel&#44; Pablo Iglesias y Mar&#237;a E&#46; Moliner por ayudar a recopilar datos de pacientes y a Paul Hetherington por ayudar con la edici&#243;n y la correcci&#243;n al ingl&#233;s del manuscrito&#46;</p>"
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Article information
ISSN: 00017310
Original language: Spanish
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Idiomas
Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas
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