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pero el aumento en la incidencia se mantiene en estudios que excluyen los casos de CEC <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in situ</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span> Aunque no hay datos fiables sobre la incidencia real de CEC&#44; se estima que el riesgo de desarrollar un CEC a lo largo de la vida es del 7 al 11&#37; en poblaci&#243;n cauc&#225;sica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> &#40;del 9 al 14&#37; en varones y del 4 al 9&#37; en mujeres&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0610"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; En Espa&#241;a&#44; los estudios que analizan tasas de incidencia brutas estiman 38&#44;16 casos de CEC por 100&#46;000 habitantes y a&#241;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0615"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#44; aunque no existen registros que permitan una estimaci&#243;n real&#46; La incidencia es algo superior a la que se ha demostrado en otros pa&#237;ses europeos &#40;revisado por Lomas et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La supervivencia del CEC a 10 a&#241;os despu&#233;s de la cirug&#237;a supera el 90&#37;&#44; la frecuencia de met&#225;stasis ganglionares est&#225; alrededor del 4&#37; y la mortalidad se sit&#250;a en torno al 2&#37;&#44; aunque debido a su elevada frecuencia es un problema de salud relevante y con un impacto significativo en la mortalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0620"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; De hecho&#44; el CEC es la segunda causa de muerte por c&#225;ncer cut&#225;neo despu&#233;s del melanoma&#44; es responsable de la mayor&#237;a de las muertes por c&#225;ncer de piel en mayores de 85 a&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0585"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> y en algunas &#225;reas de EE&#46; UU&#46; ostenta una mortalidad comparable con la de carcinomas renales&#44; orofar&#237;ngeos o melanomas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0585"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os&#44; varios autores han centrado su investigaci&#243;n en analizar los factores que pueden predecir un peor pron&#243;stico en el CEC&#46; En la literatura nos encontramos t&#233;rminos como CEC de alto riesgo &#40;CECar&#41;&#44; CEC localmente avanzado &#40;CECla&#41;&#44; CEC metast&#225;sico &#40;CECm&#41;&#44; CEC avanzado &#40;CECav&#41; y CEC agresivo &#40;CECag&#41;&#44; que pueden dar lugar a confusi&#243;n y que en algunas ocasiones no se encuentran bien definidos&#46; En el presente art&#237;culo se pretende aclarar estos conceptos con la idea de lograr homogeneidad en su descripci&#243;n&#44; algo que parece necesario a la luz de los nuevos f&#225;rmacos aprobados y en desarrollo para este tumor&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Factores pron&#243;sticos en el carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Factores pron&#243;sticos cl&#237;nicos</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Relacionados con el tumor</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El tama&#241;o horizontal del tumor primario es un factor pron&#243;stico bien conocido en el CEC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0625"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11-22</span></a>&#46; 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y en una revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica&#44; la sien se asoci&#243; a un riesgo de recidiva y met&#225;stasis incluso mayor&#46; El borde rojo del labio inferior concede un riesgo 5 veces m&#225;s alto de met&#225;stasis ganglionares que la afectaci&#243;n de la piel de este&#44; mientras los CEC localizados en la porci&#243;n cut&#225;nea del labio tienen una tasa de afectaci&#243;n ganglionar similar a la de otras &#225;reas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0725"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&#46; El riesgo de diseminaci&#243;n ganglionar no es tan alto en la nariz o en el canto interno del ojo&#44; aunque la progresi&#243;n local es un problema importante en estas &#225;reas<span class="elsevierStyleCrossOut">&#46;</span></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La recurrencia del tumor primario se ha relacionado con un mayor riesgo de met&#225;stasis ganglionares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0630"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13&#44;24</span></a>&#46; El CEC recurrente parece adem&#225;s ser m&#225;s agresivo que el CEC primario&#44; se ha relacionado con un mayor tama&#241;o tumoral y con un mayor riesgo de infiltraci&#243;n perineural y linfovascular&#44; as&#237; como de invasi&#243;n del tejido celular subcut&#225;neo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0640"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; En esta l&#237;nea tambi&#233;n la presencia de bordes afectados en la primera extirpaci&#243;n se considera un factor de riesgo &#40;recurrencia del 50&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La evidencia cl&#237;nica sugiere que la velocidad de crecimiento &#40;V<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">C</span>&#41; r&#225;pida es un importante factor de riesgo para el CEC y as&#237; se considera en las gu&#237;as de la NCCN<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0730"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46; Un estudio antiguo ya relacionaba tumores de crecimiento r&#225;pido con un peor pron&#243;stico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0735"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46; M&#225;s recientemente&#44; se ha observado que una VC &#62; 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm de di&#225;metro mayor del tumor al mes se asocia a un peor pron&#243;stico de la enfermedad y a un mayor riesgo de met&#225;stasis ganglionares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0740"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finalmente&#44; la asociaci&#243;n de s&#237;ntomas neurol&#243;gicos al CEC es un marcador cl&#237;nico de mal pron&#243;stico que suele estar asociado a la presencia de invasi&#243;n perineural &#40;IPN&#41; &#40;v&#233;ase Factores pron&#243;sticos histopatol&#243;gicos&#41;&#46; Los s&#237;ntomas asociados a la IPN del CEC incluyen sobre todo dolor y parestesias&#44; aunque puede asociarse tambi&#233;n a picor&#44; escozor y&#44; m&#225;s rara vez&#44; a par&#225;lisis de nervios motores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0730"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#44;35</span></a>&#46; El dolor adem&#225;s parece ser un s&#237;ntoma clave en la identificaci&#243;n de CEC en pacientes trasplantados de &#243;rganos s&#243;lidos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0750"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Relacionados con el paciente</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La inmunosupresi&#243;n es un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de CEC&#46; El CEC es especialmente frecuente en pacientes trasplantados de &#243;rganos s&#243;lidos&#44; sobre todo en aquellos tratados mediante trasplante cardiaco&#44; seguido del trasplante pulmonar&#44; renal y hep&#225;tico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0755"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#59; en pacientes con hemopat&#237;as malignas&#44; especialmente con leucemia linf&#225;tica cr&#243;nica y linfoma linfoc&#237;tico de c&#233;lula peque&#241;a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0760"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#59; en pacientes en tratamiento inmunosupresor cr&#243;nico&#44; especialmente con ciclosporina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0765"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> y azatioprina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0770"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> &#8212;sobre cuando hay exposici&#243;n a radiaci&#243;n UV<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0770"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40&#44;41</span></a>&#8212; y en pacientes VIH positivos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0780"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&#46; La incidencia acumulada de CEC se incrementa de forma progresiva con la duraci&#243;n de la inmunosupresi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0785"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43&#44;44</span></a> y&#44; en general&#44; en pacientes inmunodeprimidos&#44; los CEC son m&#225;s agresivos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0645"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;42&#44;45-47</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se ha demostrado un peor pron&#243;stico en el CEC que asienta en cicatrices de largo tiempo de evoluci&#243;n&#44; especialmente por quemaduras<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0810"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48&#44;49</span></a>&#44; y en &#225;reas previamente irradiadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0820"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50&#44;51</span></a>&#46; El CEC es tambi&#233;n m&#225;s agresivo en algunas genodermatosis&#44; especialmente en la epiderm&#243;lisis ampollosa&#44; donde es la principal causa de muerte<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0830"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a>&#46; El CEC es m&#225;s frecuente en otras enfermedades hereditarias&#44; como el xeroderma pigmentoso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0835"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53&#44;54</span></a>&#44; el albinismo oculocut&#225;neo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0845"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55&#44;56</span></a>&#44; la disqueratosis cong&#233;nita&#44; el s&#237;ndrome de Bloom<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0855"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a>&#44; el s&#237;ndrome de Rothmund-Thomson<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0860"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58&#44;59</span></a>&#44; el s&#237;ndrome de Werner<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0870"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a>&#44; el s&#237;ndrome KID<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0875"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61&#44;62</span></a>&#44; el s&#237;ndrome de Ferguson-Smith<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0885"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63&#44;64</span></a>&#44; el s&#237;ndrome de Muir-Torre<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0895"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">65</span></a> y el s&#237;ndrome de Lewandosky-Lutz<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0900"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">66</span></a>&#44; entre otras&#46; Aunque no hay informaci&#243;n que permita afirmar que el CEC sea m&#225;s agresivo en todas estas enfermedades&#44; e incluso en algunas de ellas tiende a exhibir un razonable buen pron&#243;stico&#44; el elevado riesgo obliga a manejar a estos pacientes con protocolos de seguimiento estrictos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0905"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67&#44;68</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Factores pron&#243;sticos histopatol&#243;gicos</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El espesor se ha relacionado con el pron&#243;stico del CEC en diversos estudios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0625"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12&#44;14-17&#44;21&#44;22&#44;25&#44;69-72</span></a> e incluso se ha identificado como el factor predictivo m&#225;s importante para el desarrollo de met&#225;stasis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0650"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; Se ha visto que la probabilidad de met&#225;stasis es casi nula si el espesor del CEC es menor de 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; es de en torno al 6&#37; en tumores de 2 a 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm y del 16&#37; en tumores de m&#225;s de 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm de espesor<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0650"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; La determinaci&#243;n del espesor debe realizarse desde la capa granulosa de la piel normal adyacente al tumor hasta la &#250;ltima c&#233;lula que infiltra<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0685"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#44; lo cual puede plantear dificultades en la determinaci&#243;n del espesor de las lesiones exof&#237;ticas&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La invasi&#243;n del tumor m&#225;s all&#225; de la grasa subcut&#225;nea es otro factor pron&#243;stico al que se ha prestado atenci&#243;n en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0620"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;17&#44;18</span></a>&#46; Se ha relacionado con un riesgo 7 veces mayor de recidiva y 11 veces mayor de met&#225;stasis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0680"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; La invasi&#243;n del tumor m&#225;s all&#225; de la grasa puede plantear algunas ventajas sobre la determinaci&#243;n del espesor&#46; Por un lado&#44; es &#250;til en la cirug&#237;a de Mohs&#44; que eval&#250;a cortes horizontales de la pieza quir&#250;rgica &#8212;en los que el espesor tumoral en mm no puede ser valorado&#8212;&#59; en segundo lugar&#44; no plantea las dificultades que presenta la determinaci&#243;n del espesor tumoral en lesiones exof&#237;ticas y&#44; adem&#225;s&#44; justifica el mal pron&#243;stico de algunas lesiones que infiltran el m&#250;sculo a pesar de tener un espesor moderado&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El pobre grado diferenciaci&#243;n se ha relacionado con un mal pron&#243;stico del CEC en m&#250;ltiples estudios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0625"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;16&#44;17&#44;19-22&#44;25-27&#44;69-79</span></a>&#46; Seg&#250;n las series&#44; entre el 8<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0950"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">76</span></a> y el 25&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0650"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> de los CEC son pobremente diferenciados&#46; Se ha asociado a un riesgo 3 veces mayor de recidiva local y 5 veces superior de met&#225;stasis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0680"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#44; as&#237; como a recurrencias m&#225;s precoces&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La IPN est&#225; presente entre el 2&#44;5 y el 10&#37; de los CEC&#44; y se asocia a otros rasgos histopatol&#243;gicos de mal pron&#243;stico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0640"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; Los estudios coinciden en reconocer su implicaci&#243;n pron&#243;stica y se ha visto asociada a un riesgo 4 veces superior de recidiva y 5 veces mayor de met&#225;stasis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0680"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; M&#225;s recientemente&#44; se ha establecido que la IPN debe considerarse de alto riesgo&#44; cuando afecta a nervios de &#8805; 0&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm de di&#225;metro<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0620"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;17&#44;18</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; la IPN de nervios profundos &#40;localizados por debajo de la dermis&#41; y la IPN extensiva se consideran rasgos de la IPN tambi&#233;n asociados a mal pron&#243;stico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0970"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">80</span></a>&#46; Debe distinguirse entre IPN y diseminaci&#243;n perineural&#44; la primera responde a la detecci&#243;n histol&#243;gica&#44; mientras que la segunda&#44; por definici&#243;n&#44; es un estadio m&#225;s avanzado&#44; detectable cl&#237;nica o radiol&#243;gicamente y es la v&#237;a para la invasi&#243;n del sistema nerviosa central por parte del CEC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0975"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">81</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Otros factores de riesgo histopatol&#243;gicos en el CEC son la infiltraci&#243;n linfovascular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0695"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#44; el patr&#243;n de crecimiento infiltrativo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0980"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">82</span></a>&#44; la desmoplasia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0650"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;83&#44;84</span></a> &#8212;definida por al menos un 30&#37; de estroma desmopl&#225;sico asociado al tumor&#8212; y el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">budding</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0995"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">85&#44;86</span></a> &#8212;definido por la presencia de nidos de 4-5 c&#233;lulas en el frente de invasi&#243;n&#44; aunque sin consenso claro<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">87</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; se han asociado a un peor pron&#243;stico algunas variantes histopatol&#243;gicas de CEC&#44; especialmente el CEC acantol&#237;tico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib1010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">88&#44;89</span></a> y el CEC adenoescamoso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">90</span></a>&#44; aunque series m&#225;s recientes parecen haber sugerido que su relevancia pron&#243;stica puede ser escasa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">91</span></a> y la existencia de un infiltrado rico en eosin&#243;filos y c&#233;lulas plasm&#225;ticas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0700"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#44; pero se necesitan m&#225;s estudios que caractericen los infiltrados inflamatorios asociados al CEC y los relacionen con el pron&#243;stico de manera fiable&#46; Algunos marcadores&#44; como EGFR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib1030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">92&#44;93</span></a>&#44; D2-40<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib1040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">94&#44;95</span></a> y marcadores de transici&#243;n epitelio-mes&#233;nquima<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">96</span></a> se han asociado a un pron&#243;stico desfavorable en el CEC&#46; Recientemente&#44; la expresi&#243;n de PD-L1<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib1055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">97-99</span></a> se ha vinculado a un riesgo m&#225;s alto met&#225;stasis ganglionares&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La combinaci&#243;n de factores de riesgo es lo que se emplea para definir los diferentes grupos de riesgo en los sistemas de estadificaci&#243;n&#46; En el CEC se emplea la octava edici&#243;n del sistema de estadificaci&#243;n del AJCC y el sistema alternativo del Brigham and Women&#39;s Hospital&#44; cuyas caracter&#237;sticas se recogen en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">T&#233;rminos que hacen referencia al carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo de mal pron&#243;stico</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo de alto riesgo</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En t&#233;rminos pr&#225;cticos&#44; la presencia de alguno de los factores de mal pron&#243;stico es lo que define un CEC como CECar &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46; No obstante&#44; la relevancia pron&#243;stica de cada factor no es la misma y la combinaci&#243;n de varios de ellos se sabe que confiere un riesgo mayor que la presencia de cada uno de ellos por separado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0660"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;100-102</span></a>&#46; En este sentido&#44; definir mejor el CECar pasar&#237;a por definir mejor la relevancia pron&#243;stica de cada uno de los factores de riesgo por un lado y la de la combinaci&#243;n de estos&#44; por otro&#46; Si tenemos en cuenta el actual sistema de estadificaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0685"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> y el sistema alternativo BWH<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">100</span></a>&#44; podr&#237;a definirse como CECar aquel T3&#47;T4 con arreglo al sistema AJCC-8 o T2b&#47;T3 con arreglo al sistema alternativo de estadificaci&#243;n del BWH&#46; No obstante&#44; muchos tumores as&#237; estadificados no van a tener un comportamiento especialmente agresivo&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo localmente avanzado</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No hay una definici&#243;n homog&#233;nea de CECla&#44; aunque todas las referencias al CECla tienen puntos en com&#250;n&#46; Se ha definido como el CEC que no es potencialmente curable o que resulta poco probable que sea curable con cirug&#237;a&#44; radioterapia o con el tratamiento combinado &#40;cirug&#237;a &#43; radioterapia&#41; tras la discusi&#243;n razonada en un comit&#233; multidisciplinar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">103</span></a>&#46; Esta definici&#243;n se ajusta a la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica y adem&#225;s ha sido tomada como referencia en algunos ensayos cl&#237;nicos en otros tipos de CCNM&#44; concretamente en carcinoma basocelular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">104</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los criterios para considerar un CECla en el ensayo del f&#225;rmaco anti-PD1 recientemente aprobado para el CEC fueron el de pacientes que no eran candidatos a la cirug&#237;a&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1&#41;</span> por reca&#237;da tras 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>o m&#225;s intervenciones y curaci&#243;n quir&#250;rgica poco probable&#44; y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2&#41;</span> porque el tratamiento quir&#250;rgico pod&#237;a implicar complicaciones sustanciales o deformidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">105</span></a>&#46; Resulta m&#225;s dif&#237;cil definir de manera te&#243;rica qu&#233; pacientes con CEC pueden no ser candidatos a tratamiento convencional&#46; Podr&#237;a considerarse que aquellos casos con invasi&#243;n &#243;sea extensa a la luz de la existencia de los nuevos f&#225;rmacos podr&#237;an beneficiarse de ellos&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a> se recogen algunos escenarios cl&#237;nicos que permiten clasificar un CEC como CECla&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo metast&#225;sico</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El CECm se define como aquel CEC que ha abandonado su localizaci&#243;n primaria en la piel&#46; En la mayor&#237;a de los casos&#44; el CECm afecta a ganglios linf&#225;ticos o a la gl&#225;ndula par&#243;tida y en menor medida a otros &#243;rganos&#46; La afectaci&#243;n en tr&#225;nsito en la piel por CEC&#44; definida como la presencia de focos de tumor diferenciados del CEC primario y antes que el primer escal&#243;n de drenaje linf&#225;tico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">106</span></a>&#44; podr&#237;a considerarse una forma de CECm locorregional&#44; tal como se tiene en cuenta para el melanoma&#44; aunque no modifica la estadificaci&#243;n de la categor&#237;a N en el CEC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">107</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se ha estimado que en torno a un 5&#37; de los CEC pueden dar lugar a met&#225;stasis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">108</span></a>&#44; aunque hasta ahora no han existido registros exhaustivos que hayan permitido una estimaci&#243;n real&#46; En 2013&#44; en Inglaterra&#44; se incluyeron en los registros automatizados el CEC y el CECm&#44; lo que ha permitido en un estudio reciente ofrecer datos al respecto con una base poblacional por primera vez<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">109</span></a>&#46; Durante 15&#44;5 meses de seguimiento&#44; el 2&#44;1&#37; de los pacientes con CEC ten&#237;an un CECm<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">109</span></a>&#44; aunque los autores consideran que la tasa podr&#237;a estar infraestimada por cuanto la ICD-10 no contempla c&#243;digos espec&#237;ficos para el CECm&#46; De esos CECm&#44; m&#225;s del 90&#37; se desarrollaron en los 3 a&#241;os posteriores al diagn&#243;stico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">109</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo avanzado y carcinoma escamoso agresivo</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De manera pr&#225;ctica&#44; se han empleado en la literatura tambi&#233;n los t&#233;rminos de CECav y CECag para hacer referencia a situaciones cl&#237;nicas m&#225;s generales&#46; As&#237;&#44; el t&#233;rmico CECav se ha empleado para agrupar el CECla y el CECm<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">105</span></a>&#46; Por otra parte&#44; el t&#233;rmino de CECag se ha utilizado para hacer referencia al CECm y al CEC que da lugar a muerte por progresi&#243;n local<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0795"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a>&#46; Los t&#233;rminos avanzado y agresivo&#44; no obstante&#44; pueden resultar poco espec&#237;ficos y&#44; por tanto&#44; cuando se empleen es oportuno definir convenientemente a qu&#233; contexto cl&#237;nico hacen referencia&#46; En este sentido&#44; existir&#237;an los siguientes t&#233;rminos relacionados con el mal pron&#243;stico en el CEC&#58; CECar&#44; CECla&#44; CECm&#44; CECav y CECag &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 4</a><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#41;</span>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Fundamentos sobre el manejo del carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo de alto riesgo&#44; localmente avanzado y metast&#225;sico</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La cirug&#237;a convencional es el tratamiento de elecci&#243;n en la mayor&#237;a de los casos de CEC&#44; con diferencias en el margen en funci&#243;n de que el tumor sea CEC de bajo riesgo &#40;CECbr&#41; &#40;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41; o CECar &#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">110</span></a>&#46; La cirug&#237;a de Mohs se reserva para casos recurrentes y para localizaciones de alto riesgo en las que los m&#225;rgenes de seguridad puedan dar lugar a un compromiso funcional significativo o cosm&#233;ticamente inaceptable&#46; La radioterapia adyuvante de tumor primario se reserva para casos con IPN&#44; especialmente de cl&#237;nica&#44; radiol&#243;gica&#44; extensiva&#44; de nervios de 0&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm o m&#225;s&#44; o de nervios profundos&#44; y para casos con m&#225;rgenes positivos que no puedan ser reintervenidos con la seguridad de dejar al paciente libre de tumor<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0970"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">80</span></a>&#46; En pacientes inoperables&#44; la radioterapia electiva y tratamientos tanto destructivos como intralesionales pueden ser una opci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0730"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#44;110</span></a>&#46; La utilidad de la biopsia selectiva del ganglio centinela est&#225; a&#250;n por determinar&#44; aunque es posible que pueda tener utilidad determinados grupos de pacientes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">111</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El manejo del CECla es complejo&#46; En general&#44; el abordaje quir&#250;rgico no es suficiente o resulta inapropiado por las repercusiones cosm&#233;ticas o funcionales&#46; Con la existencia de los nuevos f&#225;rmacos anti-PD1 y la aprobaci&#243;n del cemiplimab en el tratamiento del CECla<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">105</span></a>&#44; esta ser&#237;a la opci&#243;n preferida siempre que el paciente tenga un adecuado <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">performance status</span> &#40;PS&#41; &#8212;situaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica basal&#46; Si la opci&#243;n sist&#233;mica no es posible por las circunstancias del paciente&#44; el tratamiento paliativo es una opci&#243;n para considerar&#46; Est&#225; por definir la utilidad del tratamiento sist&#233;mico para reducir la masa tumoral y permitir el tratamiento quir&#250;rgico con menores secuelas para el paciente &#40;neoadyuvancia&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el caso de CECm se recomienda la cirug&#237;a&#44; siempre que sea posible&#44; seguida de radioterapia complementaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0970"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">80&#44;112&#44;113</span></a>&#46; En los casos no operables&#44; si el paciente tiene un buen PS el tratamiento sist&#233;mico&#44; actualmente con anti-PD1 es la opci&#243;n preferida&#46; A pesar de la edad&#44; una proporci&#243;n significativa de paciente con CECav tienen una situaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica que permite el tratamiento sist&#233;mico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">103</span></a>&#46; Cemiplimab es el &#250;nico f&#225;rmaco aprobado para el tratamiento del CECm y del CECla<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">105</span></a>&#46; En casos con mal PS y en pacientes inoperables que no sean susceptibles de tratamiento sist&#233;mico o que no respondan&#44; el tratamiento paliativo es una opci&#243;n que debe considerarse&#46; Dado que el CECm y el CECla presentan un manejo razonablemente parecido&#44; el t&#233;rmino CECav puede emplearse para hacer referencia a dichos escenarios cl&#237;nicos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el momento actual&#44; no existe una definici&#243;n consensuada de CECla y&#44; a la luz del advenimiento de los nuevos f&#225;rmacos&#44; parece necesaria&#46; El grupo de trabajo ha considerado que el CECla podr&#237;a considerarse aquel que no es potencialmente curable con los tratamientos convencionales &#40;cirug&#237;a&#44; radioterapia o combinaci&#243;n de ambas&#41; tras una discusi&#243;n razonada en un comit&#233; multidisciplinar o aquel CEC en el que la cirug&#237;a supondr&#237;a secuelas funcionales o cosm&#233;ticas inaceptables&#46; El CECm ser&#237;a aquel que ha abandonado su localizaci&#243;n primaria en la piel&#46; El CECav agrupar&#237;a los casos de CECla y CECm&#44; y tanto los casos de CECm como los del CECla que dan lugar a la muerte por progresi&#243;n local &#40;lo que podr&#237;a considerarse el CEC que da lugar a eventos mayores&#41; pueden referirse como CECag&#46; El CECar ser&#237;a aquel CEC que presenta alguno de los factores cl&#237;nicos o histopatol&#243;gicos de alto riesgo&#44; aunque posiblemente esta sea una definici&#243;n demasiado amplia dado que agrupa a tumores que muy probablemente no dar&#225;n lugar a eventos desfavorables&#44; por lo que ser&#225; necesaria una mejor estratificaci&#243;n de estos casos en el futuro&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">J&#46;C&#46; est&#225; parcialmente financiado por los proyectos&#58; PI18&#47;000587 &#40;Instituto de Salud Carlos III cofinanciado con fondos FEDER&#41; y GRS 1835&#47;A&#47;18 &#40;Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y Le&#243;n&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores han recibido honorarios como miembros de un Advisory Board para Sanofi&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n"
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          "titulo" => "Factores pron&#243;sticos en el carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo"
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              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Factores pron&#243;sticos cl&#237;nicos"
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              "titulo" => "Factores pron&#243;sticos histopatol&#243;gicos"
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          "identificador" => "sec0035"
          "titulo" => "T&#233;rminos que hacen referencia al carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo de mal pron&#243;stico"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "Carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo de alto riesgo"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0045"
              "titulo" => "Carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo localmente avanzado"
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            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0050"
              "titulo" => "Carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo metast&#225;sico"
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            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0055"
              "titulo" => "Carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo avanzado y carcinoma escamoso agresivo"
            ]
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          "identificador" => "sec0060"
          "titulo" => "Fundamentos sobre el manejo del carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo de alto riesgo&#44; localmente avanzado y metast&#225;sico"
        ]
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          "titulo" => "Conflicto de intereses"
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        11 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2019-03-13"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2019-06-02"
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            0 => "Carcinoma escamoso cut&#225;neo"
            1 => "Carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo"
            2 => "Carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo de alto riesgo"
            3 => "Estadificaci&#243;n"
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      ]
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1274011"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma"
            1 => "High-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma"
            2 => "Staging"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo &#40;CEC&#41; es el segundo tumor m&#225;s frecuente en humanos y tiene una incidencia creciente e infraestimada&#46; En la literatura nos encontramos con t&#233;rminos como CEC de alto riesgo&#44; CEC localmente avanzado&#44; CEC metast&#225;sico&#44; CEC avanzado y CEC agresivo&#44; que pueden dar lugar a confusi&#243;n y que en algunas ocasiones no se encuentran del todo bien definidos&#46; En esta revisi&#243;n pretendemos aclarar estos conceptos con la idea de lograr homogeneidad en su descripci&#243;n&#44; algo que parece necesario a la luz de los nuevos f&#225;rmacos aprobados y en desarrollo para este tumor&#46;</p></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma &#40;cSCC&#41; is the second most common cancer in humans and its incidence is both underestimated and on the rise&#46; cSCC is referred to in the literature as high-risk cSCC&#44; locally advanced cSCC&#44; metastatic cSCC&#44; advanced cSCC&#44; and aggressive cSCC<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span> These terms can give rise to confusion and are not always well defined&#46; In this review&#44; we aim to clarify the concepts underlying these terms with a view to standardizing the description of this tumor&#44; something we believe is necessary in light of the new drugs that have been approved or are in development for cSCC&#46;</p></span>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A&#41; 8&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> edici&#243;n del AJCC&#58; se incluye la localizaci&#243;n en el labio inferior&#59; se excluye el carcinoma de p&#225;rpado&#46; Se excluyen tumores de vulva&#44; pene&#44; regi&#243;n perineal y resto de localizaciones fuera de cabeza y cuello&#46; ENE &#40;extensi&#243;n extranodal o extracapsular&#44; definida como extensi&#243;n a trav&#233;s de la c&#225;psula del ganglio linf&#225;tico en el tejido conectivo circundante&#44; con o sin reacci&#243;n estromal&#41;&#46; B&#41; Sistema alternativo del Brigham and Women&#39;s Hospital&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A&#41; 8&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> edici&#243;n AJCC</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="7" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">T</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">TX&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Tumor primario no puede ser determinado &#40;tras legrado&#44; etc&#46;&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">T0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Sin evidencia de tumor primario</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Tis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Carcinoma in situ</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">T1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Hasta 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm de di&#225;metro mayor</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">T2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Tumor &#8805; 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm pero &#60; de 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm de di&#225;metro mayor</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">T3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Tumor &#8805; 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm de di&#225;metro mayor o m&#237;nima erosi&#243;n del hueso o invasi&#243;n perineural o invasi&#243;n profunda<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">T4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Tumor con afectaci&#243;n &#243;sea extensa cortical o medular &#40;T4a&#41;&#44; invasi&#243;n de la base del cr&#225;neo&#44; o invasi&#243;n a trav&#233;s del foramen de la base del cr&#225;neo&#40;T4b&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">N</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">NX&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Afectaci&#243;n ganglionar no puede determinarse &#40;extirpaci&#243;n previa por otro motivo&#44; h&#225;bito corporal&#8230;&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">N0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Ausencia de afectaci&#243;n ganglionar cl&#237;nica&#47;radiol&#243;gica</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Met&#225;stasis en un ganglio ipsolateral aislado &#8804; 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm de di&#225;metro mayor&#44; ENE &#40;&#8211;&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N2</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N2a&#58; met&#225;stasis en un ganglio ipsolateral aislado 3-6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm de di&#225;metro mayor&#44; ENE &#40;&#8211;&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N2b&#58; met&#225;stasis en m&#250;ltiples ganglios ipsolaterales menores de 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#44; ENE &#40;&#8211;&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N2c&#58; met&#225;stasis en ganglios bilaterales o contralaterales&#44; menores de 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#44; ENE &#40;&#8211;&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N3</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N3a&#58; met&#225;stasis en un ganglio linf&#225;tico mayor de 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#44; ENE &#40;&#8211;&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N3b&#58; met&#225;stasis en cualquier ganglio&#47;s y ENE &#40;&#43;&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ausencia de met&#225;stasis a distancia</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Met&#225;stasis a distancia</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sistema de estadificaci&#243;n TNM del AJCC para el CEC de cabeza y cuello &#40;8&#46;&#170; ed&#46;&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">T1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Estadio I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">T2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Estadio II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">T3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N0&#44; N1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Estadio III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">T1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Estadio III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">T2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Estadio III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">T1-T3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Estadio IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cualquier T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Estadio IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">T4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cualquier N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Estadio IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cualquier T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cualquier N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Estadio IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => "xTab2383769.png"
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              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">B&#41; Sistema alternativo de estadificaci&#243;n del Brigham and Women&#39;s hospital</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">T1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0 factores de alto riesgo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">T2a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 factor de alto riesgo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">T2b&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2-3 factores de alto riesgo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">T3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 o m&#225;s factores alto de riesgo&#47;invasi&#243;n &#243;sea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Factores de alto riesgo para el sistema BWH</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Di&#225;metro de 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm o m&#225;s</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pobre grado de diferenciaci&#243;n</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Invasi&#243;n perineural de nervios &#8805; 0&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm de di&#225;metro</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Invasi&#243;n m&#225;s all&#225; de la grasa &#40;excluyendo invasi&#243;n &#243;sea que clasifica un tumor como T3 directamente&#41;</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Invasi&#243;n profunda se define como espesor mayor de 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm o invasi&#243;n m&#225;s all&#225; de la grasa subcut&#225;nea&#46; La invasi&#243;n perineural para clasificar un tumor como T3 debe ser de nervios mayores de 0&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; m&#225;s profundos que la dermis&#44; o afectaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica o radiol&#243;gica de afectaci&#243;n de nervios nominados sin afectaci&#243;n o invasi&#243;n de la base del cr&#225;neo&#46;</p>"
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          ]
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estadificaci&#243;n del carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo</p>"
        ]
      ]
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        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 2"
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          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
            "detalle" => "Tabla "
            "rol" => "short"
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        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Bajo riesgo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Alto riesgo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cl&#237;nicos</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tama&#241;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60; 20 mm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60; 20 mm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Localizaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fuera de la zona H&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Oreja&#44; labio inferior&#44; sien&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Primario&#47;recurrente&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Primario&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Recurrente&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Bordes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bien definidos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mal definidos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Estado inmune&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Inmunocompetente&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Inmunodeprimido&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Velocidad de crecimiento&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lenta&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">R&#225;pida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cl&#237;nica asociada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Asintom&#225;tico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dolor&#44; parestesias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Histopatol&#243;gicos</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Espesor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60; 6 mm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#62; 6 mm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Profundidad de invasi&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dermis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mas all&#225; de la grasa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Grado de diferenciaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bueno-moderado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pobre&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Invasi&#243;n perineural&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237; &#40;nervios 0&#44;1 mm o m&#225;s&#44; profundos&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Subtipo histol&#243;gico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Verrucoso&#44; queratoacantoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Desmopl&#225;sico&#44; adenoescamoso&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2383768.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Factores pron&#243;sticos en el carcinoma escamoso cut&#225;neo &#40;CEC&#41;&#58; CEC de bajo riesgo y CEC de alto riesgo</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at3"
            "detalle" => "Tabla "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tumor que invade estructuras &#243;seas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tumor con invasi&#243;n perineural cl&#237;nica o radiol&#243;gica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tumor cuyo tama&#241;o no hace posible una cirug&#237;a con intenci&#243;n curativa o la consigue solo a expensas de un resultado cosm&#233;tico o funcional inaceptables&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tumor que invade la punta nasal en toda su extensi&#243;n o tumor que requiere para su extirpaci&#243;n de la realizaci&#243;n de una rinectom&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tumor que invade cavidades corporales &#40;craneal&#44; tor&#225;cica o abdominop&#233;lvica&#41; o tiene alto riesgo de invadirlas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tumor que afecta a la oreja y requiere auriculectom&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tumor de cabeza y cuello con extensi&#243;n directa a los senos paranasales&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tumor con met&#225;stasis en tr&#225;nsito&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Recurrencia profunda en una zona previamente sometida a extirpaci&#243;n de CEC suprayacente&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tumor que afecta al p&#225;rpado o canto interno y amenaza con invasi&#243;n orbitaria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2383766.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Escenarios cl&#237;nicos que permiten clasificar un CEC como CEC localmente avanzado</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at4"
            "detalle" => "Tabla "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CEC&#58; carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo&#59; CECar&#58; CEC de alto riesgo&#59; CECag&#58; CEC agresivo&#59; CECav&#58; CEC avanzado&#59; CECla&#58; CEC localmente avanzado&#59; CECm&#58; CEC metast&#225;sico&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Definiciones del CEC en pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CECar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CEC que presenta alguno de los factores de alto riesgo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CECla&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">CEC que no es potencialmente curable con los tratamientos convencionales &#40;cirug&#237;a&#44; radioterapia o combinaci&#243;n de ambos&#41; tras una discusi&#243;n razonada en un comit&#233; multidisciplinarCEC en el que la cirug&#237;a supondr&#237;a secuelas funcionales o cosm&#233;ticas inaceptables&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">CECm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">CEC que ha abandonado su localizaci&#243;n primaria en la piel&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">CECav&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">CECla o CECm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">CECag&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">CECla o CECm que da lugar a muerte por progresi&#243;n local&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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REVISIÓN
Revisión de los términos que definen un carcinoma epidermoide cutáneo asociado a mal pronóstico
A review of terms used to define cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with a poor prognosis
J. Cañuetoa,b,
Corresponding author
jcanueto@usal.es

Autor para correspondencia.
, A. Tejera-Vaquerizoc, P. Redondod, R. Botella-Estradae, S. Puigf, O. Sanmarting
a Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, España
b Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, España
c Departamento de Dermatología, Instituto Dermatológico GlobalDerm, Palma del Río, Córdoba, España
d Servicio de Dermatología, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, España
e Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, España
f Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, España
g Servicio de Dermatología, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, España
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pero el aumento en la incidencia se mantiene en estudios que excluyen los casos de CEC <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in situ</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span> Aunque no hay datos fiables sobre la incidencia real de CEC&#44; se estima que el riesgo de desarrollar un CEC a lo largo de la vida es del 7 al 11&#37; en poblaci&#243;n cauc&#225;sica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> &#40;del 9 al 14&#37; en varones y del 4 al 9&#37; en mujeres&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0610"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; En Espa&#241;a&#44; los estudios que analizan tasas de incidencia brutas estiman 38&#44;16 casos de CEC por 100&#46;000 habitantes y a&#241;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0615"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#44; aunque no existen registros que permitan una estimaci&#243;n real&#46; La incidencia es algo superior a la que se ha demostrado en otros pa&#237;ses europeos &#40;revisado por Lomas et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La supervivencia del CEC a 10 a&#241;os despu&#233;s de la cirug&#237;a supera el 90&#37;&#44; la frecuencia de met&#225;stasis ganglionares est&#225; alrededor del 4&#37; y la mortalidad se sit&#250;a en torno al 2&#37;&#44; aunque debido a su elevada frecuencia es un problema de salud relevante y con un impacto significativo en la mortalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0620"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; De hecho&#44; el CEC es la segunda causa de muerte por c&#225;ncer cut&#225;neo despu&#233;s del melanoma&#44; es responsable de la mayor&#237;a de las muertes por c&#225;ncer de piel en mayores de 85 a&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0585"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> y en algunas &#225;reas de EE&#46; UU&#46; ostenta una mortalidad comparable con la de carcinomas renales&#44; orofar&#237;ngeos o melanomas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0585"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os&#44; varios autores han centrado su investigaci&#243;n en analizar los factores que pueden predecir un peor pron&#243;stico en el CEC&#46; En la literatura nos encontramos t&#233;rminos como CEC de alto riesgo &#40;CECar&#41;&#44; CEC localmente avanzado &#40;CECla&#41;&#44; CEC metast&#225;sico &#40;CECm&#41;&#44; CEC avanzado &#40;CECav&#41; y CEC agresivo &#40;CECag&#41;&#44; que pueden dar lugar a confusi&#243;n y que en algunas ocasiones no se encuentran bien definidos&#46; En el presente art&#237;culo se pretende aclarar estos conceptos con la idea de lograr homogeneidad en su descripci&#243;n&#44; algo que parece necesario a la luz de los nuevos f&#225;rmacos aprobados y en desarrollo para este tumor&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Factores pron&#243;sticos en el carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Factores pron&#243;sticos cl&#237;nicos</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Relacionados con el tumor</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El tama&#241;o horizontal del tumor primario es un factor pron&#243;stico bien conocido en el CEC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0625"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11-22</span></a>&#46; Un tama&#241;o superior a 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm de di&#225;metro horizontal se ha asocia a un riesgo 3 veces mayor de recidiva local y 6 veces m&#225;s alto de met&#225;stasis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0680"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; El punto de corte m&#225;s espec&#237;fico para determinar un alto riesgo relacionado con el tama&#241;o tumoral se ha situado en 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0685"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Determinadas localizaciones se asocian a un peor pron&#243;stico en el CEC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0585"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;11&#44;13&#44;15&#44;16&#44;19&#44;24-30</span></a>&#46; Cl&#225;sicamente&#44; se han considerado de alto riesgo el pabell&#243;n auricular y el labio inferior&#44; que duplican el riesgo de met&#225;stasis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0630"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;15</span></a>&#44; y en una revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica&#44; la sien se asoci&#243; a un riesgo de recidiva y met&#225;stasis incluso mayor&#46; El borde rojo del labio inferior concede un riesgo 5 veces m&#225;s alto de met&#225;stasis ganglionares que la afectaci&#243;n de la piel de este&#44; mientras los CEC localizados en la porci&#243;n cut&#225;nea del labio tienen una tasa de afectaci&#243;n ganglionar similar a la de otras &#225;reas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0725"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&#46; El riesgo de diseminaci&#243;n ganglionar no es tan alto en la nariz o en el canto interno del ojo&#44; aunque la progresi&#243;n local es un problema importante en estas &#225;reas<span class="elsevierStyleCrossOut">&#46;</span></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La recurrencia del tumor primario se ha relacionado con un mayor riesgo de met&#225;stasis ganglionares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0630"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13&#44;24</span></a>&#46; El CEC recurrente parece adem&#225;s ser m&#225;s agresivo que el CEC primario&#44; se ha relacionado con un mayor tama&#241;o tumoral y con un mayor riesgo de infiltraci&#243;n perineural y linfovascular&#44; as&#237; como de invasi&#243;n del tejido celular subcut&#225;neo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0640"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; En esta l&#237;nea tambi&#233;n la presencia de bordes afectados en la primera extirpaci&#243;n se considera un factor de riesgo &#40;recurrencia del 50&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La evidencia cl&#237;nica sugiere que la velocidad de crecimiento &#40;V<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">C</span>&#41; r&#225;pida es un importante factor de riesgo para el CEC y as&#237; se considera en las gu&#237;as de la NCCN<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0730"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46; Un estudio antiguo ya relacionaba tumores de crecimiento r&#225;pido con un peor pron&#243;stico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0735"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46; M&#225;s recientemente&#44; se ha observado que una VC &#62; 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm de di&#225;metro mayor del tumor al mes se asocia a un peor pron&#243;stico de la enfermedad y a un mayor riesgo de met&#225;stasis ganglionares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0740"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finalmente&#44; la asociaci&#243;n de s&#237;ntomas neurol&#243;gicos al CEC es un marcador cl&#237;nico de mal pron&#243;stico que suele estar asociado a la presencia de invasi&#243;n perineural &#40;IPN&#41; &#40;v&#233;ase Factores pron&#243;sticos histopatol&#243;gicos&#41;&#46; Los s&#237;ntomas asociados a la IPN del CEC incluyen sobre todo dolor y parestesias&#44; aunque puede asociarse tambi&#233;n a picor&#44; escozor y&#44; m&#225;s rara vez&#44; a par&#225;lisis de nervios motores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0730"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#44;35</span></a>&#46; El dolor adem&#225;s parece ser un s&#237;ntoma clave en la identificaci&#243;n de CEC en pacientes trasplantados de &#243;rganos s&#243;lidos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0750"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Relacionados con el paciente</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La inmunosupresi&#243;n es un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de CEC&#46; El CEC es especialmente frecuente en pacientes trasplantados de &#243;rganos s&#243;lidos&#44; sobre todo en aquellos tratados mediante trasplante cardiaco&#44; seguido del trasplante pulmonar&#44; renal y hep&#225;tico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0755"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#59; en pacientes con hemopat&#237;as malignas&#44; especialmente con leucemia linf&#225;tica cr&#243;nica y linfoma linfoc&#237;tico de c&#233;lula peque&#241;a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0760"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#59; en pacientes en tratamiento inmunosupresor cr&#243;nico&#44; especialmente con ciclosporina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0765"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> y azatioprina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0770"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> &#8212;sobre cuando hay exposici&#243;n a radiaci&#243;n UV<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0770"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40&#44;41</span></a>&#8212; y en pacientes VIH positivos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0780"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&#46; La incidencia acumulada de CEC se incrementa de forma progresiva con la duraci&#243;n de la inmunosupresi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0785"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43&#44;44</span></a> y&#44; en general&#44; en pacientes inmunodeprimidos&#44; los CEC son m&#225;s agresivos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0645"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;42&#44;45-47</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se ha demostrado un peor pron&#243;stico en el CEC que asienta en cicatrices de largo tiempo de evoluci&#243;n&#44; especialmente por quemaduras<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0810"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48&#44;49</span></a>&#44; y en &#225;reas previamente irradiadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0820"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50&#44;51</span></a>&#46; El CEC es tambi&#233;n m&#225;s agresivo en algunas genodermatosis&#44; especialmente en la epiderm&#243;lisis ampollosa&#44; donde es la principal causa de muerte<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0830"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a>&#46; El CEC es m&#225;s frecuente en otras enfermedades hereditarias&#44; como el xeroderma pigmentoso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0835"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53&#44;54</span></a>&#44; el albinismo oculocut&#225;neo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0845"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55&#44;56</span></a>&#44; la disqueratosis cong&#233;nita&#44; el s&#237;ndrome de Bloom<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0855"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a>&#44; el s&#237;ndrome de Rothmund-Thomson<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0860"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58&#44;59</span></a>&#44; el s&#237;ndrome de Werner<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0870"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a>&#44; el s&#237;ndrome KID<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0875"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61&#44;62</span></a>&#44; el s&#237;ndrome de Ferguson-Smith<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0885"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63&#44;64</span></a>&#44; el s&#237;ndrome de Muir-Torre<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0895"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">65</span></a> y el s&#237;ndrome de Lewandosky-Lutz<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0900"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">66</span></a>&#44; entre otras&#46; Aunque no hay informaci&#243;n que permita afirmar que el CEC sea m&#225;s agresivo en todas estas enfermedades&#44; e incluso en algunas de ellas tiende a exhibir un razonable buen pron&#243;stico&#44; el elevado riesgo obliga a manejar a estos pacientes con protocolos de seguimiento estrictos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0905"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67&#44;68</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Factores pron&#243;sticos histopatol&#243;gicos</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El espesor se ha relacionado con el pron&#243;stico del CEC en diversos estudios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0625"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12&#44;14-17&#44;21&#44;22&#44;25&#44;69-72</span></a> e incluso se ha identificado como el factor predictivo m&#225;s importante para el desarrollo de met&#225;stasis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0650"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; Se ha visto que la probabilidad de met&#225;stasis es casi nula si el espesor del CEC es menor de 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; es de en torno al 6&#37; en tumores de 2 a 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm y del 16&#37; en tumores de m&#225;s de 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm de espesor<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0650"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; La determinaci&#243;n del espesor debe realizarse desde la capa granulosa de la piel normal adyacente al tumor hasta la &#250;ltima c&#233;lula que infiltra<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0685"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#44; lo cual puede plantear dificultades en la determinaci&#243;n del espesor de las lesiones exof&#237;ticas&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La invasi&#243;n del tumor m&#225;s all&#225; de la grasa subcut&#225;nea es otro factor pron&#243;stico al que se ha prestado atenci&#243;n en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0620"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;17&#44;18</span></a>&#46; Se ha relacionado con un riesgo 7 veces mayor de recidiva y 11 veces mayor de met&#225;stasis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0680"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; La invasi&#243;n del tumor m&#225;s all&#225; de la grasa puede plantear algunas ventajas sobre la determinaci&#243;n del espesor&#46; Por un lado&#44; es &#250;til en la cirug&#237;a de Mohs&#44; que eval&#250;a cortes horizontales de la pieza quir&#250;rgica &#8212;en los que el espesor tumoral en mm no puede ser valorado&#8212;&#59; en segundo lugar&#44; no plantea las dificultades que presenta la determinaci&#243;n del espesor tumoral en lesiones exof&#237;ticas y&#44; adem&#225;s&#44; justifica el mal pron&#243;stico de algunas lesiones que infiltran el m&#250;sculo a pesar de tener un espesor moderado&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El pobre grado diferenciaci&#243;n se ha relacionado con un mal pron&#243;stico del CEC en m&#250;ltiples estudios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0625"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;16&#44;17&#44;19-22&#44;25-27&#44;69-79</span></a>&#46; Seg&#250;n las series&#44; entre el 8<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0950"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">76</span></a> y el 25&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0650"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> de los CEC son pobremente diferenciados&#46; Se ha asociado a un riesgo 3 veces mayor de recidiva local y 5 veces superior de met&#225;stasis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0680"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#44; as&#237; como a recurrencias m&#225;s precoces&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La IPN est&#225; presente entre el 2&#44;5 y el 10&#37; de los CEC&#44; y se asocia a otros rasgos histopatol&#243;gicos de mal pron&#243;stico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0640"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; Los estudios coinciden en reconocer su implicaci&#243;n pron&#243;stica y se ha visto asociada a un riesgo 4 veces superior de recidiva y 5 veces mayor de met&#225;stasis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0680"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; M&#225;s recientemente&#44; se ha establecido que la IPN debe considerarse de alto riesgo&#44; cuando afecta a nervios de &#8805; 0&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm de di&#225;metro<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0620"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;17&#44;18</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; la IPN de nervios profundos &#40;localizados por debajo de la dermis&#41; y la IPN extensiva se consideran rasgos de la IPN tambi&#233;n asociados a mal pron&#243;stico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0970"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">80</span></a>&#46; Debe distinguirse entre IPN y diseminaci&#243;n perineural&#44; la primera responde a la detecci&#243;n histol&#243;gica&#44; mientras que la segunda&#44; por definici&#243;n&#44; es un estadio m&#225;s avanzado&#44; detectable cl&#237;nica o radiol&#243;gicamente y es la v&#237;a para la invasi&#243;n del sistema nerviosa central por parte del CEC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0975"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">81</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Otros factores de riesgo histopatol&#243;gicos en el CEC son la infiltraci&#243;n linfovascular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0695"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#44; el patr&#243;n de crecimiento infiltrativo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0980"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">82</span></a>&#44; la desmoplasia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0650"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;83&#44;84</span></a> &#8212;definida por al menos un 30&#37; de estroma desmopl&#225;sico asociado al tumor&#8212; y el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">budding</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0995"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">85&#44;86</span></a> &#8212;definido por la presencia de nidos de 4-5 c&#233;lulas en el frente de invasi&#243;n&#44; aunque sin consenso claro<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">87</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; se han asociado a un peor pron&#243;stico algunas variantes histopatol&#243;gicas de CEC&#44; especialmente el CEC acantol&#237;tico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib1010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">88&#44;89</span></a> y el CEC adenoescamoso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">90</span></a>&#44; aunque series m&#225;s recientes parecen haber sugerido que su relevancia pron&#243;stica puede ser escasa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">91</span></a> y la existencia de un infiltrado rico en eosin&#243;filos y c&#233;lulas plasm&#225;ticas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0700"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#44; pero se necesitan m&#225;s estudios que caractericen los infiltrados inflamatorios asociados al CEC y los relacionen con el pron&#243;stico de manera fiable&#46; Algunos marcadores&#44; como EGFR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib1030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">92&#44;93</span></a>&#44; D2-40<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib1040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">94&#44;95</span></a> y marcadores de transici&#243;n epitelio-mes&#233;nquima<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">96</span></a> se han asociado a un pron&#243;stico desfavorable en el CEC&#46; Recientemente&#44; la expresi&#243;n de PD-L1<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib1055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">97-99</span></a> se ha vinculado a un riesgo m&#225;s alto met&#225;stasis ganglionares&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La combinaci&#243;n de factores de riesgo es lo que se emplea para definir los diferentes grupos de riesgo en los sistemas de estadificaci&#243;n&#46; En el CEC se emplea la octava edici&#243;n del sistema de estadificaci&#243;n del AJCC y el sistema alternativo del Brigham and Women&#39;s Hospital&#44; cuyas caracter&#237;sticas se recogen en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">T&#233;rminos que hacen referencia al carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo de mal pron&#243;stico</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo de alto riesgo</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En t&#233;rminos pr&#225;cticos&#44; la presencia de alguno de los factores de mal pron&#243;stico es lo que define un CEC como CECar &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46; No obstante&#44; la relevancia pron&#243;stica de cada factor no es la misma y la combinaci&#243;n de varios de ellos se sabe que confiere un riesgo mayor que la presencia de cada uno de ellos por separado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0660"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;100-102</span></a>&#46; En este sentido&#44; definir mejor el CECar pasar&#237;a por definir mejor la relevancia pron&#243;stica de cada uno de los factores de riesgo por un lado y la de la combinaci&#243;n de estos&#44; por otro&#46; Si tenemos en cuenta el actual sistema de estadificaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0685"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> y el sistema alternativo BWH<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">100</span></a>&#44; podr&#237;a definirse como CECar aquel T3&#47;T4 con arreglo al sistema AJCC-8 o T2b&#47;T3 con arreglo al sistema alternativo de estadificaci&#243;n del BWH&#46; No obstante&#44; muchos tumores as&#237; estadificados no van a tener un comportamiento especialmente agresivo&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo localmente avanzado</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No hay una definici&#243;n homog&#233;nea de CECla&#44; aunque todas las referencias al CECla tienen puntos en com&#250;n&#46; Se ha definido como el CEC que no es potencialmente curable o que resulta poco probable que sea curable con cirug&#237;a&#44; radioterapia o con el tratamiento combinado &#40;cirug&#237;a &#43; radioterapia&#41; tras la discusi&#243;n razonada en un comit&#233; multidisciplinar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">103</span></a>&#46; Esta definici&#243;n se ajusta a la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica y adem&#225;s ha sido tomada como referencia en algunos ensayos cl&#237;nicos en otros tipos de CCNM&#44; concretamente en carcinoma basocelular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">104</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los criterios para considerar un CECla en el ensayo del f&#225;rmaco anti-PD1 recientemente aprobado para el CEC fueron el de pacientes que no eran candidatos a la cirug&#237;a&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1&#41;</span> por reca&#237;da tras 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>o m&#225;s intervenciones y curaci&#243;n quir&#250;rgica poco probable&#44; y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2&#41;</span> porque el tratamiento quir&#250;rgico pod&#237;a implicar complicaciones sustanciales o deformidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">105</span></a>&#46; Resulta m&#225;s dif&#237;cil definir de manera te&#243;rica qu&#233; pacientes con CEC pueden no ser candidatos a tratamiento convencional&#46; Podr&#237;a considerarse que aquellos casos con invasi&#243;n &#243;sea extensa a la luz de la existencia de los nuevos f&#225;rmacos podr&#237;an beneficiarse de ellos&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a> se recogen algunos escenarios cl&#237;nicos que permiten clasificar un CEC como CECla&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo metast&#225;sico</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El CECm se define como aquel CEC que ha abandonado su localizaci&#243;n primaria en la piel&#46; En la mayor&#237;a de los casos&#44; el CECm afecta a ganglios linf&#225;ticos o a la gl&#225;ndula par&#243;tida y en menor medida a otros &#243;rganos&#46; La afectaci&#243;n en tr&#225;nsito en la piel por CEC&#44; definida como la presencia de focos de tumor diferenciados del CEC primario y antes que el primer escal&#243;n de drenaje linf&#225;tico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">106</span></a>&#44; podr&#237;a considerarse una forma de CECm locorregional&#44; tal como se tiene en cuenta para el melanoma&#44; aunque no modifica la estadificaci&#243;n de la categor&#237;a N en el CEC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">107</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se ha estimado que en torno a un 5&#37; de los CEC pueden dar lugar a met&#225;stasis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">108</span></a>&#44; aunque hasta ahora no han existido registros exhaustivos que hayan permitido una estimaci&#243;n real&#46; En 2013&#44; en Inglaterra&#44; se incluyeron en los registros automatizados el CEC y el CECm&#44; lo que ha permitido en un estudio reciente ofrecer datos al respecto con una base poblacional por primera vez<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">109</span></a>&#46; Durante 15&#44;5 meses de seguimiento&#44; el 2&#44;1&#37; de los pacientes con CEC ten&#237;an un CECm<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">109</span></a>&#44; aunque los autores consideran que la tasa podr&#237;a estar infraestimada por cuanto la ICD-10 no contempla c&#243;digos espec&#237;ficos para el CECm&#46; De esos CECm&#44; m&#225;s del 90&#37; se desarrollaron en los 3 a&#241;os posteriores al diagn&#243;stico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">109</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo avanzado y carcinoma escamoso agresivo</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De manera pr&#225;ctica&#44; se han empleado en la literatura tambi&#233;n los t&#233;rminos de CECav y CECag para hacer referencia a situaciones cl&#237;nicas m&#225;s generales&#46; As&#237;&#44; el t&#233;rmico CECav se ha empleado para agrupar el CECla y el CECm<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">105</span></a>&#46; Por otra parte&#44; el t&#233;rmino de CECag se ha utilizado para hacer referencia al CECm y al CEC que da lugar a muerte por progresi&#243;n local<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0795"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a>&#46; Los t&#233;rminos avanzado y agresivo&#44; no obstante&#44; pueden resultar poco espec&#237;ficos y&#44; por tanto&#44; cuando se empleen es oportuno definir convenientemente a qu&#233; contexto cl&#237;nico hacen referencia&#46; En este sentido&#44; existir&#237;an los siguientes t&#233;rminos relacionados con el mal pron&#243;stico en el CEC&#58; CECar&#44; CECla&#44; CECm&#44; CECav y CECag &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 4</a><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#41;</span>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Fundamentos sobre el manejo del carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo de alto riesgo&#44; localmente avanzado y metast&#225;sico</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La cirug&#237;a convencional es el tratamiento de elecci&#243;n en la mayor&#237;a de los casos de CEC&#44; con diferencias en el margen en funci&#243;n de que el tumor sea CEC de bajo riesgo &#40;CECbr&#41; &#40;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41; o CECar &#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">110</span></a>&#46; La cirug&#237;a de Mohs se reserva para casos recurrentes y para localizaciones de alto riesgo en las que los m&#225;rgenes de seguridad puedan dar lugar a un compromiso funcional significativo o cosm&#233;ticamente inaceptable&#46; La radioterapia adyuvante de tumor primario se reserva para casos con IPN&#44; especialmente de cl&#237;nica&#44; radiol&#243;gica&#44; extensiva&#44; de nervios de 0&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm o m&#225;s&#44; o de nervios profundos&#44; y para casos con m&#225;rgenes positivos que no puedan ser reintervenidos con la seguridad de dejar al paciente libre de tumor<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0970"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">80</span></a>&#46; En pacientes inoperables&#44; la radioterapia electiva y tratamientos tanto destructivos como intralesionales pueden ser una opci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0730"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#44;110</span></a>&#46; La utilidad de la biopsia selectiva del ganglio centinela est&#225; a&#250;n por determinar&#44; aunque es posible que pueda tener utilidad determinados grupos de pacientes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">111</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El manejo del CECla es complejo&#46; En general&#44; el abordaje quir&#250;rgico no es suficiente o resulta inapropiado por las repercusiones cosm&#233;ticas o funcionales&#46; Con la existencia de los nuevos f&#225;rmacos anti-PD1 y la aprobaci&#243;n del cemiplimab en el tratamiento del CECla<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">105</span></a>&#44; esta ser&#237;a la opci&#243;n preferida siempre que el paciente tenga un adecuado <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">performance status</span> &#40;PS&#41; &#8212;situaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica basal&#46; Si la opci&#243;n sist&#233;mica no es posible por las circunstancias del paciente&#44; el tratamiento paliativo es una opci&#243;n para considerar&#46; Est&#225; por definir la utilidad del tratamiento sist&#233;mico para reducir la masa tumoral y permitir el tratamiento quir&#250;rgico con menores secuelas para el paciente &#40;neoadyuvancia&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el caso de CECm se recomienda la cirug&#237;a&#44; siempre que sea posible&#44; seguida de radioterapia complementaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0970"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">80&#44;112&#44;113</span></a>&#46; En los casos no operables&#44; si el paciente tiene un buen PS el tratamiento sist&#233;mico&#44; actualmente con anti-PD1 es la opci&#243;n preferida&#46; A pesar de la edad&#44; una proporci&#243;n significativa de paciente con CECav tienen una situaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica que permite el tratamiento sist&#233;mico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">103</span></a>&#46; Cemiplimab es el &#250;nico f&#225;rmaco aprobado para el tratamiento del CECm y del CECla<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">105</span></a>&#46; En casos con mal PS y en pacientes inoperables que no sean susceptibles de tratamiento sist&#233;mico o que no respondan&#44; el tratamiento paliativo es una opci&#243;n que debe considerarse&#46; Dado que el CECm y el CECla presentan un manejo razonablemente parecido&#44; el t&#233;rmino CECav puede emplearse para hacer referencia a dichos escenarios cl&#237;nicos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el momento actual&#44; no existe una definici&#243;n consensuada de CECla y&#44; a la luz del advenimiento de los nuevos f&#225;rmacos&#44; parece necesaria&#46; El grupo de trabajo ha considerado que el CECla podr&#237;a considerarse aquel que no es potencialmente curable con los tratamientos convencionales &#40;cirug&#237;a&#44; radioterapia o combinaci&#243;n de ambas&#41; tras una discusi&#243;n razonada en un comit&#233; multidisciplinar o aquel CEC en el que la cirug&#237;a supondr&#237;a secuelas funcionales o cosm&#233;ticas inaceptables&#46; El CECm ser&#237;a aquel que ha abandonado su localizaci&#243;n primaria en la piel&#46; El CECav agrupar&#237;a los casos de CECla y CECm&#44; y tanto los casos de CECm como los del CECla que dan lugar a la muerte por progresi&#243;n local &#40;lo que podr&#237;a considerarse el CEC que da lugar a eventos mayores&#41; pueden referirse como CECag&#46; El CECar ser&#237;a aquel CEC que presenta alguno de los factores cl&#237;nicos o histopatol&#243;gicos de alto riesgo&#44; aunque posiblemente esta sea una definici&#243;n demasiado amplia dado que agrupa a tumores que muy probablemente no dar&#225;n lugar a eventos desfavorables&#44; por lo que ser&#225; necesaria una mejor estratificaci&#243;n de estos casos en el futuro&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">J&#46;C&#46; est&#225; parcialmente financiado por los proyectos&#58; PI18&#47;000587 &#40;Instituto de Salud Carlos III cofinanciado con fondos FEDER&#41; y GRS 1835&#47;A&#47;18 &#40;Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y Le&#243;n&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores han recibido honorarios como miembros de un Advisory Board para Sanofi&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n"
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        5 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Factores pron&#243;sticos en el carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo"
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              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Factores pron&#243;sticos cl&#237;nicos"
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              "titulo" => "Factores pron&#243;sticos histopatol&#243;gicos"
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        6 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0035"
          "titulo" => "T&#233;rminos que hacen referencia al carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo de mal pron&#243;stico"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "Carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo de alto riesgo"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0045"
              "titulo" => "Carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo localmente avanzado"
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            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0050"
              "titulo" => "Carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo metast&#225;sico"
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            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0055"
              "titulo" => "Carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo avanzado y carcinoma escamoso agresivo"
            ]
          ]
        ]
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          "identificador" => "sec0060"
          "titulo" => "Fundamentos sobre el manejo del carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo de alto riesgo&#44; localmente avanzado y metast&#225;sico"
        ]
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          "identificador" => "sec0065"
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          "titulo" => "Financiaci&#243;n"
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        10 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0075"
          "titulo" => "Conflicto de intereses"
        ]
        11 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2019-03-13"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2019-06-02"
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            0 => "Carcinoma escamoso cut&#225;neo"
            1 => "Carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo"
            2 => "Carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo de alto riesgo"
            3 => "Estadificaci&#243;n"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1274011"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma"
            1 => "High-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma"
            2 => "Staging"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo &#40;CEC&#41; es el segundo tumor m&#225;s frecuente en humanos y tiene una incidencia creciente e infraestimada&#46; En la literatura nos encontramos con t&#233;rminos como CEC de alto riesgo&#44; CEC localmente avanzado&#44; CEC metast&#225;sico&#44; CEC avanzado y CEC agresivo&#44; que pueden dar lugar a confusi&#243;n y que en algunas ocasiones no se encuentran del todo bien definidos&#46; En esta revisi&#243;n pretendemos aclarar estos conceptos con la idea de lograr homogeneidad en su descripci&#243;n&#44; algo que parece necesario a la luz de los nuevos f&#225;rmacos aprobados y en desarrollo para este tumor&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma &#40;cSCC&#41; is the second most common cancer in humans and its incidence is both underestimated and on the rise&#46; cSCC is referred to in the literature as high-risk cSCC&#44; locally advanced cSCC&#44; metastatic cSCC&#44; advanced cSCC&#44; and aggressive cSCC<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span> These terms can give rise to confusion and are not always well defined&#46; In this review&#44; we aim to clarify the concepts underlying these terms with a view to standardizing the description of this tumor&#44; something we believe is necessary in light of the new drugs that have been approved or are in development for cSCC&#46;</p></span>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A&#41; 8&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> edici&#243;n del AJCC&#58; se incluye la localizaci&#243;n en el labio inferior&#59; se excluye el carcinoma de p&#225;rpado&#46; Se excluyen tumores de vulva&#44; pene&#44; regi&#243;n perineal y resto de localizaciones fuera de cabeza y cuello&#46; ENE &#40;extensi&#243;n extranodal o extracapsular&#44; definida como extensi&#243;n a trav&#233;s de la c&#225;psula del ganglio linf&#225;tico en el tejido conectivo circundante&#44; con o sin reacci&#243;n estromal&#41;&#46; B&#41; Sistema alternativo del Brigham and Women&#39;s Hospital&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A&#41; 8&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> edici&#243;n AJCC</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="7" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">T</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">TX&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Tumor primario no puede ser determinado &#40;tras legrado&#44; etc&#46;&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">T0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Sin evidencia de tumor primario</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Tis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Carcinoma in situ</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">T1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Hasta 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm de di&#225;metro mayor</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">T2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tumor &#8805; 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm pero &#60; de 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm de di&#225;metro mayor</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">T3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Tumor &#8805; 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm de di&#225;metro mayor o m&#237;nima erosi&#243;n del hueso o invasi&#243;n perineural o invasi&#243;n profunda<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">T4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Tumor con afectaci&#243;n &#243;sea extensa cortical o medular &#40;T4a&#41;&#44; invasi&#243;n de la base del cr&#225;neo&#44; o invasi&#243;n a trav&#233;s del foramen de la base del cr&#225;neo&#40;T4b&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">NX&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Afectaci&#243;n ganglionar no puede determinarse &#40;extirpaci&#243;n previa por otro motivo&#44; h&#225;bito corporal&#8230;&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">N0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ausencia de afectaci&#243;n ganglionar cl&#237;nica&#47;radiol&#243;gica</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Met&#225;stasis en un ganglio ipsolateral aislado &#8804; 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm de di&#225;metro mayor&#44; ENE &#40;&#8211;&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N2</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N2a&#58; met&#225;stasis en un ganglio ipsolateral aislado 3-6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm de di&#225;metro mayor&#44; ENE &#40;&#8211;&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N2b&#58; met&#225;stasis en m&#250;ltiples ganglios ipsolaterales menores de 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#44; ENE &#40;&#8211;&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N2c&#58; met&#225;stasis en ganglios bilaterales o contralaterales&#44; menores de 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#44; ENE &#40;&#8211;&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N3</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N3a&#58; met&#225;stasis en un ganglio linf&#225;tico mayor de 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#44; ENE &#40;&#8211;&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N3b&#58; met&#225;stasis en cualquier ganglio&#47;s y ENE &#40;&#43;&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ausencia de met&#225;stasis a distancia</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Met&#225;stasis a distancia</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sistema de estadificaci&#243;n TNM del AJCC para el CEC de cabeza y cuello &#40;8&#46;&#170; ed&#46;&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">T1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Estadio I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">T2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Estadio II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">T3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N0&#44; N1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Estadio III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">T1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Estadio III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">T2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Estadio III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">T1-T3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Estadio IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cualquier T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Estadio IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">T4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cualquier N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Estadio IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cualquier T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cualquier N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Estadio IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2383769.png"
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">B&#41; Sistema alternativo de estadificaci&#243;n del Brigham and Women&#39;s hospital</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">T1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0 factores de alto riesgo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">T2a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 factor de alto riesgo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">T2b&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2-3 factores de alto riesgo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">T3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 o m&#225;s factores alto de riesgo&#47;invasi&#243;n &#243;sea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Factores de alto riesgo para el sistema BWH</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Di&#225;metro de 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm o m&#225;s</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pobre grado de diferenciaci&#243;n</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Invasi&#243;n perineural de nervios &#8805; 0&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm de di&#225;metro</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Invasi&#243;n m&#225;s all&#225; de la grasa &#40;excluyendo invasi&#243;n &#243;sea que clasifica un tumor como T3 directamente&#41;</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2383765.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Invasi&#243;n profunda se define como espesor mayor de 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm o invasi&#243;n m&#225;s all&#225; de la grasa subcut&#225;nea&#46; La invasi&#243;n perineural para clasificar un tumor como T3 debe ser de nervios mayores de 0&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; m&#225;s profundos que la dermis&#44; o afectaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica o radiol&#243;gica de afectaci&#243;n de nervios nominados sin afectaci&#243;n o invasi&#243;n de la base del cr&#225;neo&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estadificaci&#243;n del carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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        "mostrarDisplay" => false
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          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
            "detalle" => "Tabla "
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        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Bajo riesgo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Alto riesgo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cl&#237;nicos</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tama&#241;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60; 20 mm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60; 20 mm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Localizaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fuera de la zona H&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Oreja&#44; labio inferior&#44; sien&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Primario&#47;recurrente&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Primario&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Recurrente&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Bordes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bien definidos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mal definidos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Estado inmune&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Inmunocompetente&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Inmunodeprimido&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Velocidad de crecimiento&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lenta&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">R&#225;pida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cl&#237;nica asociada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Asintom&#225;tico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dolor&#44; parestesias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Histopatol&#243;gicos</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Espesor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60; 6 mm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#62; 6 mm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Profundidad de invasi&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dermis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mas all&#225; de la grasa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Grado de diferenciaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bueno-moderado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pobre&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Invasi&#243;n perineural&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237; &#40;nervios 0&#44;1 mm o m&#225;s&#44; profundos&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Subtipo histol&#243;gico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Verrucoso&#44; queratoacantoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Desmopl&#225;sico&#44; adenoescamoso&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => "xTab2383768.png"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Factores pron&#243;sticos en el carcinoma escamoso cut&#225;neo &#40;CEC&#41;&#58; CEC de bajo riesgo y CEC de alto riesgo</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at3"
            "detalle" => "Tabla "
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        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tumor que invade estructuras &#243;seas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tumor con invasi&#243;n perineural cl&#237;nica o radiol&#243;gica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tumor cuyo tama&#241;o no hace posible una cirug&#237;a con intenci&#243;n curativa o la consigue solo a expensas de un resultado cosm&#233;tico o funcional inaceptables&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tumor que invade la punta nasal en toda su extensi&#243;n o tumor que requiere para su extirpaci&#243;n de la realizaci&#243;n de una rinectom&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tumor que invade cavidades corporales &#40;craneal&#44; tor&#225;cica o abdominop&#233;lvica&#41; o tiene alto riesgo de invadirlas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tumor que afecta a la oreja y requiere auriculectom&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tumor de cabeza y cuello con extensi&#243;n directa a los senos paranasales&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tumor con met&#225;stasis en tr&#225;nsito&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Recurrencia profunda en una zona previamente sometida a extirpaci&#243;n de CEC suprayacente&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tumor que afecta al p&#225;rpado o canto interno y amenaza con invasi&#243;n orbitaria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab2383766.png"
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Escenarios cl&#237;nicos que permiten clasificar un CEC como CEC localmente avanzado</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at4"
            "detalle" => "Tabla "
            "rol" => "short"
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        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CEC&#58; carcinoma epidermoide cut&#225;neo&#59; CECar&#58; CEC de alto riesgo&#59; CECag&#58; CEC agresivo&#59; CECav&#58; CEC avanzado&#59; CECla&#58; CEC localmente avanzado&#59; CECm&#58; CEC metast&#225;sico&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Definiciones del CEC en pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CECar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">CEC que presenta alguno de los factores de alto riesgo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">CECla&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">CEC que no es potencialmente curable con los tratamientos convencionales &#40;cirug&#237;a&#44; radioterapia o combinaci&#243;n de ambos&#41; tras una discusi&#243;n razonada en un comit&#233; multidisciplinarCEC en el que la cirug&#237;a supondr&#237;a secuelas funcionales o cosm&#233;ticas inaceptables&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">CECm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">CEC que ha abandonado su localizaci&#243;n primaria en la piel&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">CECav&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">CECla o CECm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">CECag&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">CECla o CECm que da lugar a muerte por progresi&#243;n local&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Article information
ISSN: 00017310
Original language: Spanish
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Idiomas
Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas
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