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As&#237;&#44; en India se usa con este fin la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Euphorbia hirta</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#59; en la medicina tradicional china se usa el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Qu You Ding&#44;</span> una soluci&#243;n de diversas plantas medicinales<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#59; en Brasil se usa el aceite de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tropidurus hispidus</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#44; as&#237; como la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hancornia speciosa</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#59; en Ir&#225;n&#44; algunos estudios han demostrado la eficacia del mirto <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;Myrtus communis&#41;&#59; Arum italicum&#44; Tamarix gallica</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ficus carica</span> se usan en Italia con el mismo fin<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#44; a menudo en el contexto de un ritual m&#225;gico&#59; y en Jap&#243;n se utilizan el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">shokenchuto</span> o el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">makyoyokukanto</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El mecanismo por el cual estos remedios naturales act&#250;an frente a los papilomavirus ha sido estudiado tanto <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span> como <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; Se sabe que algunos de sus principios activos son inductores de la apoptosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#44; as&#237; como moduladores de la transcripci&#243;n gen&#233;tica y de la s&#237;ntesis proteica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#44; regulando v&#237;as de traducci&#243;n de se&#241;ales celulares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#44; y&#47;o estimulando la inmunidad general<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; Cl&#237;nicamente&#44; los efectos de destrucci&#243;n de la verruga se notan al principio como prurito&#44; enrojecimiento o edema de la parte basal&#44; seguidos de aspereza de su superficie&#44; y descamaci&#243;n de la lesi&#243;n en unos d&#237;as<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Desde el punto de vista histopatol&#243;gico&#44; la regresi&#243;n espont&#225;nea de las verrugas va acompa&#241;ada de un intenso infiltrado linfohistiocitario&#44; con satelitosis y apoptosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#44; y una reacci&#243;n similar puede verse en la regresi&#243;n inducida&#44; 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en el estado de Oaxaca&#46; En consecuencia&#44; se encuentra en numerosos asentamientos precolombinos mesoamericanos&#44; tales como por ejemplo Monte Alb&#225;n &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41;&#44; el mayor enclave zapoteco de M&#233;xico&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los zapotecos habitaron principalmente en las poblaciones de Oaxaca&#44; Guerrero y Puebla&#44; y Monte Alb&#225;n alcanz&#243; su m&#225;ximo esplendor hacia los a&#241;os 700 d&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">C</span>&#46;&#44; tras de lo cual y por diversos motivos&#44; este y otros asentamientos fueron paulatinamente abandonados por sus pobladores&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los zapotecos desarrollaron una extensa cultura de higiene y terap&#233;utica de distintas afecciones mediante plantas y otros remedios manejados por los <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">colanij&#44;</span> un grupo de bajo rango entre los sacerdotes zapotecos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#44; normalmente en el contexto de un ritual m&#225;gico precedido por la abstinencia y el ayuno&#44; y a menudo acompa&#241;ado de alucin&#243;genos como la Yerua o el P&#232;ya&#231;&#242;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46; Los informantes de la administraci&#243;n colonial espa&#241;ola caracterizaron a los <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">colanij</span> como conocedores de plantas silvestres medicinales&#44; y a menudo los llamaban err&#243;neamente por el t&#233;rmino m&#233;xica <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ticitl</span> &#40;m&#233;dico&#41;&#44; mucho m&#225;s conocido para ellos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Destacan entre los conocimientos dermatol&#243;gicos zapotecos varias pr&#225;cticas para el cuidado e higiene de la piel como el uso de jab&#243;n&#44; los ba&#241;os &#40;probablemente en aguas sulfurosas de la zona&#41; o las saunas hechas a modo de tiendas de campa&#241;a &#40;sus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">temazcales</span>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46; Usaban el guarumbo como remedio cut&#225;neo contra las verrugas&#58; en concreto&#44; la sustancia lechosa que sale de la planta cuando se cortan sus ap&#233;ndices &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#191;Cu&#225;l es su mecanismo de acci&#243;n&#63; Se considera que el uso del guarumbo ante distintas enfermedades muestra en la actualidad un grado de evidencia C&#44; es decir&#44; cient&#237;ficamente no clara&#46; Entre sus principios activos se encuentran el &#225;cido clorog&#233;nico &#40;ACG&#41;&#44; la isoorientina y la quercetina&#46; Sin embargo&#44; aunque ambos poseen propiedades antif&#250;ngicas&#44; no estar&#237;an dotados de propiedades antiv&#237;ricas&#44; fundamentalmente debido a que en las c&#233;lulas epiteliales de la verruga no se producir&#237;a mezcla de polifenoles con el citoplasma y&#44; por lo tanto&#44; no habr&#237;a cabida para la acci&#243;n del sistema polifenol-polifenoloxidasa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El mecanismo de acci&#243;n de la leche del guarumbo podr&#237;a ser quiz&#225; similar al inducido por el l&#225;tex de la higuera <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;Ficus carica&#41;&#44;</span> ya mencionado por Avicena en su <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Canon de Medicina</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; As&#237;&#44; en estudios comparativos sobre el tratamiento de las verrugas con l&#225;tex de higuera versus crioterapia&#44; el primer tratamiento fue tan solo ligeramente inferior al segundo en resultados&#44; estando eso s&#237;&#44; exento de efectos secundarios&#44; al contrario que el segundo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; ha mostrado una efectividad similar a la de otros m&#233;todos terap&#233;uticos usados en nuestra pr&#225;ctica diaria&#44; como el &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico&#44; el 5-fluorouracilo t&#243;pico&#44; el interfer&#243;n intralesional o el imiquimod<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46; Aunque su mecanismo de acci&#243;n no se conoce con exactitud&#44; parece estar relacionado con su actividad proteol&#237;tica y queratol&#237;tica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#44; as&#237; como actividad antiv&#237;rica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#44; y algunos de sus extractos han demostrado inhibir la replicaci&#243;n viral <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#46; Tambi&#233;n es capaz de inducir una fitofotodermatitis por sus furocumarinas&#44; desencadenando un da&#241;o lesional cut&#225;neo y una respuesta inflamatoria&#46;</p></span>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A&#41; Ejemplar de guarumbo en el asentamiento zapoteco de Monte Alb&#225;n en Oaxaca&#44; M&#233;xico&#46; B&#41; Exudado lechoso similar al de la higuera y con propiedades curativas sobre las verrugas&#46;</p>"
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Artículo de opinión
El tratamiento de las verrugas con guarumbo por los zapotecos
Guarumbo (Cecropia obtusifolia) for Warts in Zapotec Medicine
A. Fernandez-Floresa,b,c,
Corresponding author
dermatopathonline@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, M. Llamas Velascod, M. Saeb Limae
a Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital El Bierzo, Ponferrada, León, España
b Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña, Grupo de Investigación CellCOM-SB, A Coruña, España
c Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital de la Reina, Ponferrada, León, España
d Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital de La Princesa, Madrid, España
e Departamentos de Dermatología y Dermatopatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El abordaje terap&#233;utico de las verrugas v&#237;ricas ha variado a lo largo de la historia&#46; Junto a pr&#225;cticas con alg&#250;n sentido fisiopatol&#243;gico&#44; como frotar la verruga con alimentos o sustancias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#44; persisten otras irracionales&#44; tales como &#171;vender&#187; las verrugas a otro individuo&#44; recitar frases o frotar con un anillo de viuda<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Algunos remedios ex&#243;ticos&#44; sin embargo &#8212;como la cinta adhesiva&#8212; han sido validados en estudios cient&#237;ficos comparativos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#44; siempre teniendo en cuenta que un n&#250;mero no desde&#241;able de verrugas remite espont&#225;neamente sin tratamiento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La fitoterapia ha representado un papel fundamental en el tratamiento de las verrugas en distintas culturas&#46; As&#237;&#44; en India se usa con este fin la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Euphorbia hirta</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#59; en la medicina tradicional china se usa el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Qu You Ding&#44;</span> una soluci&#243;n de diversas plantas medicinales<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#59; en Brasil se usa el aceite de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tropidurus hispidus</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#44; as&#237; como la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hancornia speciosa</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#59; en Ir&#225;n&#44; algunos estudios han demostrado la eficacia del mirto <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;Myrtus communis&#41;&#59; Arum italicum&#44; Tamarix gallica</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ficus carica</span> se usan en Italia con el mismo fin<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#44; a menudo en el contexto de un ritual m&#225;gico&#59; y en Jap&#243;n se utilizan el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">shokenchuto</span> o el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">makyoyokukanto</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El mecanismo por el cual estos remedios naturales act&#250;an frente a los papilomavirus ha sido estudiado tanto <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span> como <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; Se sabe que algunos de sus principios activos son inductores de la apoptosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#44; as&#237; como moduladores de la transcripci&#243;n gen&#233;tica y de la s&#237;ntesis proteica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#44; regulando v&#237;as de traducci&#243;n de se&#241;ales celulares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#44; y&#47;o estimulando la inmunidad general<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; Cl&#237;nicamente&#44; los efectos de destrucci&#243;n de la verruga se notan al principio como prurito&#44; enrojecimiento o edema de la parte basal&#44; seguidos de aspereza de su superficie&#44; y descamaci&#243;n de la lesi&#243;n en unos d&#237;as<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Desde el punto de vista histopatol&#243;gico&#44; la regresi&#243;n espont&#225;nea de las verrugas va acompa&#241;ada de un intenso infiltrado linfohistiocitario&#44; con satelitosis y apoptosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#44; y una reacci&#243;n similar puede verse en la regresi&#243;n inducida&#44; por ejemplo por imiquimod<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Una de estas plantas usadas en el tratamiento de las verrugas es el guarumbo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;Cecropia obtusifolia&#41;&#44;</span> conocida tambi&#233;n con otros nombres tales como chancarro&#44; guarumo&#44; hormigo&#44; hormiguillo&#44; palo de hormigas&#44; trompeta o trompetillo&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El guarumbo es una planta originaria de Am&#233;rica tropical con propiedades hipoglic&#233;micas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#44; diur&#233;ticas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> e hipotensoras<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#44; que abunda en el sur de M&#233;xico&#44; en el estado de Oaxaca&#46; En consecuencia&#44; se encuentra en numerosos asentamientos precolombinos mesoamericanos&#44; tales como por ejemplo Monte Alb&#225;n &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41;&#44; el mayor enclave zapoteco de M&#233;xico&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los zapotecos habitaron principalmente en las poblaciones de Oaxaca&#44; Guerrero y Puebla&#44; y Monte Alb&#225;n alcanz&#243; su m&#225;ximo esplendor hacia los a&#241;os 700 d&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">C</span>&#46;&#44; tras de lo cual y por diversos motivos&#44; este y otros asentamientos fueron paulatinamente abandonados por sus pobladores&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los zapotecos desarrollaron una extensa cultura de higiene y terap&#233;utica de distintas afecciones mediante plantas y otros remedios manejados por los <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">colanij&#44;</span> un grupo de bajo rango entre los sacerdotes zapotecos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#44; normalmente en el contexto de un ritual m&#225;gico precedido por la abstinencia y el ayuno&#44; y a menudo acompa&#241;ado de alucin&#243;genos como la Yerua o el P&#232;ya&#231;&#242;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46; Los informantes de la administraci&#243;n colonial espa&#241;ola caracterizaron a los <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">colanij</span> como conocedores de plantas silvestres medicinales&#44; y a menudo los llamaban err&#243;neamente por el t&#233;rmino m&#233;xica <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ticitl</span> &#40;m&#233;dico&#41;&#44; mucho m&#225;s conocido para ellos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Destacan entre los conocimientos dermatol&#243;gicos zapotecos varias pr&#225;cticas para el cuidado e higiene de la piel como el uso de jab&#243;n&#44; los ba&#241;os &#40;probablemente en aguas sulfurosas de la zona&#41; o las saunas hechas a modo de tiendas de campa&#241;a &#40;sus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">temazcales</span>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46; Usaban el guarumbo como remedio cut&#225;neo contra las verrugas&#58; en concreto&#44; la sustancia lechosa que sale de la planta cuando se cortan sus ap&#233;ndices &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#191;Cu&#225;l es su mecanismo de acci&#243;n&#63; Se considera que el uso del guarumbo ante distintas enfermedades muestra en la actualidad un grado de evidencia C&#44; es decir&#44; cient&#237;ficamente no clara&#46; Entre sus principios activos se encuentran el &#225;cido clorog&#233;nico &#40;ACG&#41;&#44; la isoorientina y la quercetina&#46; Sin embargo&#44; aunque ambos poseen propiedades antif&#250;ngicas&#44; no estar&#237;an dotados de propiedades antiv&#237;ricas&#44; 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ISSN: 00017310
Original language: Spanish
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