Article information
Abstract
There are many types of dermal fillers currently used for cosmetic and medical indications in routine clinical practice. Fillers can be classified as temporary, semipermanent, or permanent depending on the length of time the substance remains in tissue. They can also be classified by the composition of the product. Materials can be based on collagen (bovine, porcine, and human), hyaluronic acid, poly-L-lactic acid, calcium hydroxylapatite, polymethyl methacrylates, and polyacrylamide gels, among others. Temporary fillers are the products most often used for cosmetic purposes, in particular hyaluronic acid. This is due to the ease of application of fillers based on this substance, the good results obtained, and their safety profile. This review presents an overview of the techniques used for the correct placement of dermal fillers and the most common clinical indications for these procedures. It also covers the nature, properties, and mechanisms of action of the principal temporary, semipermanent, and permanent dermal fillers as well as the indications for each type of material. Finally, we describe the most common complications encountered and their treatment.
Keywords:
Dermal fillers
Rejuvenation
Hyaluronic acid
Collagen
Poly-L-lactic acid
Calcium hydroxylapatite
Resumen
Existen numerosos materiales de relleno utilizados en la práctica clínica diaria con fines cosméticos y médicos. Se pueden clasificar, en función de su duración en el tejido, en temporales, semipermanentes y permanentes. También pueden clasificarse de acuerdo con la composición del relleno: colágeno (bovino, porcino y humano), ácido hialurónico, ácido poliláctico, hidroxiapatita de calcio, polimetilmetacrilatos y geles de poliacrilamida, entre otros. Los rellenos temporales son los más empleados con fines estéticos, especialmente el ácido hialurónico. Este hecho se debe al perfil de seguridad que tienen, a la facilidad en su aplicación y a los buenos resultados encontrados. En esta revisión se exponen las diferentes técnicas descritas para su colocación correcta y las indicaciones clínicas más frecuentes. También se describe la naturaleza, las propiedades, los mecanismos de acción y las indicaciones de los principales materiales de relleno, tanto temporales como semipermanentes o permanentes. Finalmente se describen las complicaciones más comunes y su tratamiento.
Palabras clave:
Material de relleno
Rejuvenecimiento
Ácido hialurónico
Colágeno
Ácido poliláctico
Hidroxiapatita de calcio
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