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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Erythropoietic protoporphyria &#40;EPP&#44; OMIM&#58; 177000&#41; is an innate error of the metabolism caused by autosomal recessive hereditary mutations in the gene FECH &#40;Gene ID&#58; 2235&#41;&#44; which cause a ferrochelatase enzyme deficiency &#40;EC 4&#46;99&#46;1&#46;1&#41; &#40;&#60;30&#37; of normal&#41;&#46; Ninety-six percent of affected individuals have composite heterozygotic mutations&#58; from one parent&#44; they inherit an allele with a loss of function that leads to almost no ferrochelatase activity and from the other parent&#44; they inherit an allele with low expression&#44; which produces ferrochelatase activity that is less than 50&#37; of normal &#40;c&#46;315-48T&#8239;&#62;&#8239;C&#59; also known as IVS3-48T&#8239;&#62;&#8239;C&#41;&#46; Four percent of cases inherit 2 FECH alleles with complete loss of function&#46; Some rarer erythropoietic porphyrias are caused by hereditary mutations linked to the X chromosome &#40;OMIM&#58; 300752&#41; or by mutations in the gene CLPX &#40;OMIM&#58; 618015&#41;&#44; which explain less than 10&#37; of cases&#46; These diseases are characterized by acute&#44; painful&#44; and burning nonampullary lesions that appear within less than 30&#8239;minutes of exposure to light&#46; The lesions are caused by the accumulation of protoporphyria IX in the endothelium of the blood vessels close to the surface of the skin&#44; which absorbs light in the Soret band and passes into an excited state that generates free radicals&#44; which&#44; in turn&#44; damage the surrounding cutaneous tissue&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> To prevent these lesions&#44; patients develop an aversion to light and a preference for enclosed spaces&#44; which significantly affects their style and quality of life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Most available treatments &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; beta-carotene&#44; N-acetyl-L-cysteine&#44; and vitamin C&#41; have shown no clear benefit supported by clinical trials&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Afamelanotide &#40;Scenesse&#44; Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals&#41; is a potent analogue of &#945;-melanotide stimulating hormone&#44; which has been shown to reduce the incidence and severity of phototoxic reactions and to improve quality of life in the long term&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> This drug&#44; however&#44; is not yet available in many countries&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence and incidence of EPP have not been estimated in Colombia or in many other Latin-American countries &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; This information is important for evaluating the burden of this disease on the population and the associated health care service requirements&#46; This information is also essential for introducing new therapies into the national health service and coverage by the insurance companies&#46; Finally&#44; the lack of information available on EPP is one of the biggest concerns for patients and their family members&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> We therefore performed a study based on prospective information from the Colombian Comprehensive Social Protection Information System database for the period between 2014 and 2018&#46; We identified patients suffering from EPP by means of the international classification of diseases code E80&#46;1 and only included those with a confirmed new diagnosis&#46; The reference population was obtained from the database of the Colombian National Statistics Administrative Department&#46; The annual incidence was calculated as the number of new cases in a year over the total population for that year&#46; Prevalence was estimated from the incidence&#44; assuming a mean duration of EPP of 77&#8239;years &#40;prevalence &#61;&#8239;incidence &#215;&#8239;mean duration of EPP&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> All of this assumes that&#44; during the study period&#44; the population of the country remained relatively stable and the annual incidence was constant&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study showed that the annual incidence &#40;0&#46;2 new cases per million inhabitants&#41; and the estimated prevalence &#40;15&#46;4 cases per million inhabitants&#41; of EPP in Colombia are similar to those reported for the Netherlands and Sweden but differ from those of many other countries<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">Tables 1 and 2</a>&#41;&#46; Considerable variability has previously been reported in the epidemiology of EPP between countries in comparison with acute hepatic porphyria&#46; The prevalence of EPP may vary depending on the frequency of the low expression allele &#40;c&#46;315-48T&#62;C&#41; in the population&#44; which may range from 1&#37; in Africans to 43&#37; in Japanese&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The frequency of this allele in Colombians in unknown&#46; Moreover&#44; expression of the disease may change in relation to the degree of skin pigmentation&#44; such that greater melanin deposits lead to less pronounced symptoms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> EPP affects men and women relatively equally in Colombia&#44; which agrees with observations in other populations&#46; The symptoms of EPP usually start in childhood and advanced age at the time of diagnosis may therefore indicate a long delay in diagnosis&#46; This is in the context of the fact that most patients in developed countries with ample experience in treating this disease report delays in diagnosis of up to 18&#8239;years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;7</span></a> Deficiencies have been shown in the diagnosis of porphyria in Colombia and a greater delay in diagnosis is therefore to be expected&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Furthermore&#44; it is likely that the predominance of mixed-race people in Colombia is linked to a higher proportion of mild cases&#46; One limitation of this study is that&#44; although the database queried made it possible to identify cases with a confirmed diagnosis of EPP&#44; it is not possible to verify the methods used to confirm the diagnosis&#46; Situations such as coding errors and limits to the number of diagnostic codes available may affect the accuracy of epidemiologic estimates based on administrative sources&#46; An overestimation of the incidence and prevalence of EPP cannot therefore be ruled out in this study&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Please cite this article as&#58; Jaramillo-Calle DA&#46; Incidencia y prevalencia de la protoporfiria eritropoy&#233;tica en Colombia&#44; 2014-2018&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2021&#59;112&#58;186&#8211;188&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">EPP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Patients&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sex&#44; female&#59; n&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&#44; 57&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Mean &#40;SD&#41; age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Mean annual incidence &#40;95&#37;&#8239;CI&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;2 &#40;0&#46;1-0&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Prevalence &#40;95&#37;&#8239;CI&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15&#46;4 &#40;14&#46;3-16&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Annual Incidence&#44; Estimated Prevalence&#44; and Sociodemographic Characteristics of Erythropoietic Protoporphyria in Colombia&#44; 2014-2018&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Country&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Prevalence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Incidence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Colombia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Norway<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Switzerland<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">27&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">United Kingdom<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">25&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Netherlands<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sweden<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ireland<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Italy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">France<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Poland<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Spain<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prevalence and Incidence of Erythropoietic Protoporphyria in Colombia Compared to Other Countries&#46;</p>"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Erythropoietic Protoporphyria and X-Linked Protoporphyria&#58; pathophysiology&#44; genetics&#44; clinical manifestations&#44; and management"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Balwani"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.01.020"
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Mol Genet Metab&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
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                      "titulo" => "Psychosocial issues in erythropoietic protoporphyria - the perspective of parents&#44; children&#44; and young adults&#58; a qualitative study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "H&#46; Naik"
                            1 => "S&#46; Shenbagam"
                            2 => "A&#46;M&#46; Go"
                            3 => "M&#46; Balwani"
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                      "titulo" => "A systematic review of treatment options for dermal photosensitivity in erythropoietic protoporphyria"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "E&#46;I&#46; Minder"
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                            2 => "J&#46; Steurer"
                            3 => "L&#46;M&#46; Bachmann"
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Case and Research Letters
Incidence and Prevalence of Erythropoietic Protoporphyria in Colombia Between 2014 and 2018
Incidencia y prevalencia de la protoporfiria eritropoyética en Colombia, 2014-2018
D.A. Jaramillo-Calle
Centro de Investigación de las Porfirias en Colombia (PorfiCol), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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            "entidad" => "Centro de Investigaci&#243;n de las Porfirias en Colombia &#40;PorfiCol&#41;&#44; Universidad de Antioquia&#44; Medellin&#44; Colombia"
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        "titulo" => "Incidencia y prevalencia de la protoporfiria eritropoy&#233;tica en Colombia&#44; 2014-2018"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Geographic distribution of erythropoietic protoporphyria &#40;EPP&#41; in Colombia&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Erythropoietic protoporphyria &#40;EPP&#44; OMIM&#58; 177000&#41; is an innate error of the metabolism caused by autosomal recessive hereditary mutations in the gene FECH &#40;Gene ID&#58; 2235&#41;&#44; which cause a ferrochelatase enzyme deficiency &#40;EC 4&#46;99&#46;1&#46;1&#41; &#40;&#60;30&#37; of normal&#41;&#46; Ninety-six percent of affected individuals have composite heterozygotic mutations&#58; from one parent&#44; they inherit an allele with a loss of function that leads to almost no ferrochelatase activity and from the other parent&#44; they inherit an allele with low expression&#44; which produces ferrochelatase activity that is less than 50&#37; of normal &#40;c&#46;315-48T&#8239;&#62;&#8239;C&#59; also known as IVS3-48T&#8239;&#62;&#8239;C&#41;&#46; Four percent of cases inherit 2 FECH alleles with complete loss of function&#46; Some rarer erythropoietic porphyrias are caused by hereditary mutations linked to the X chromosome &#40;OMIM&#58; 300752&#41; or by mutations in the gene CLPX &#40;OMIM&#58; 618015&#41;&#44; which explain less than 10&#37; of cases&#46; These diseases are characterized by acute&#44; painful&#44; and burning nonampullary lesions that appear within less than 30&#8239;minutes of exposure to light&#46; The lesions are caused by the accumulation of protoporphyria IX in the endothelium of the blood vessels close to the surface of the skin&#44; which absorbs light in the Soret band and passes into an excited state that generates free radicals&#44; which&#44; in turn&#44; damage the surrounding cutaneous tissue&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> To prevent these lesions&#44; patients develop an aversion to light and a preference for enclosed spaces&#44; which significantly affects their style and quality of life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Most available treatments &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; beta-carotene&#44; N-acetyl-L-cysteine&#44; and vitamin C&#41; have shown no clear benefit supported by clinical trials&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Afamelanotide &#40;Scenesse&#44; Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals&#41; is a potent analogue of &#945;-melanotide stimulating hormone&#44; which has been shown to reduce the incidence and severity of phototoxic reactions and to improve quality of life in the long term&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> This drug&#44; however&#44; is not yet available in many countries&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence and incidence of EPP have not been estimated in Colombia or in many other Latin-American countries &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; This information is important for evaluating the burden of this disease on the population and the associated health care service requirements&#46; This information is also essential for introducing new therapies into the national health service and coverage by the insurance companies&#46; Finally&#44; the lack of information available on EPP is one of the biggest concerns for patients and their family members&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> We therefore performed a study based on prospective information from the Colombian Comprehensive Social Protection Information System database for the period between 2014 and 2018&#46; We identified patients suffering from EPP by means of the international classification of diseases code E80&#46;1 and only included those with a confirmed new diagnosis&#46; The reference population was obtained from the database of the Colombian National Statistics Administrative Department&#46; The annual incidence was calculated as the number of new cases in a year over the total population for that year&#46; Prevalence was estimated from the incidence&#44; assuming a mean duration of EPP of 77&#8239;years &#40;prevalence &#61;&#8239;incidence &#215;&#8239;mean duration of EPP&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> All of this assumes that&#44; during the study period&#44; the population of the country remained relatively stable and the annual incidence was constant&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study showed that the annual incidence &#40;0&#46;2 new cases per million inhabitants&#41; and the estimated prevalence &#40;15&#46;4 cases per million inhabitants&#41; of EPP in Colombia are similar to those reported for the Netherlands and Sweden but differ from those of many other countries<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">Tables 1 and 2</a>&#41;&#46; Considerable variability has previously been reported in the epidemiology of EPP between countries in comparison with acute hepatic porphyria&#46; The prevalence of EPP may vary depending on the frequency of the low expression allele &#40;c&#46;315-48T&#62;C&#41; in the population&#44; which may range from 1&#37; in Africans to 43&#37; in Japanese&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The frequency of this allele in Colombians in unknown&#46; Moreover&#44; expression of the disease may change in relation to the degree of skin pigmentation&#44; such that greater melanin deposits lead to less pronounced symptoms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> EPP affects men and women relatively equally in Colombia&#44; which agrees with observations in other populations&#46; The symptoms of EPP usually start in childhood and advanced age at the time of diagnosis may therefore indicate a long delay in diagnosis&#46; This is in the context of the fact that most patients in developed countries with ample experience in treating this disease report delays in diagnosis of up to 18&#8239;years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;7</span></a> Deficiencies have been shown in the diagnosis of porphyria in Colombia and a greater delay in diagnosis is therefore to be expected&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Furthermore&#44; it is likely that the predominance of mixed-race people in Colombia is linked to a higher proportion of mild cases&#46; One limitation of this study is that&#44; although the database queried made it possible to identify cases with a confirmed diagnosis of EPP&#44; it is not possible to verify the methods used to confirm the diagnosis&#46; Situations such as coding errors and limits to the number of diagnostic codes available may affect the accuracy of epidemiologic estimates based on administrative sources&#46; An overestimation of the incidence and prevalence of EPP cannot therefore be ruled out in this study&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Please cite this article as&#58; Jaramillo-Calle DA&#46; Incidencia y prevalencia de la protoporfiria eritropoy&#233;tica en Colombia&#44; 2014-2018&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2021&#59;112&#58;186&#8211;188&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations&#58; SD indicates standard deviation&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 95&#37; confidence interval&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">EPP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Patients&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sex&#44; female&#59; n&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&#44; 57&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mean &#40;SD&#41; age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32&#46;4 &#40;23&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Mean annual incidence &#40;95&#37;&#8239;CI&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;2 &#40;0&#46;1-0&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Prevalence &#40;95&#37;&#8239;CI&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Norway<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">27&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">27&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Ireland<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Italy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">France<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Poland<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Spain<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Idiomas
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