History and Humanities in Dermatology
Radioactive Cosmetics and Radiant Beauty
Cosméticos radioactivos. La belleza «radiante»
R.M. Díaz Díaz
, C. Garrido Gutiérrez, P. Maldonado Cid
Corresponding author
Sección de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Madrid, Spain
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Díaz Díaz, C. Garrido Gutiérrez, P. Maldonado Cid" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "R.M." "apellidos" => "Díaz Díaz" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "rmaria.diaz@salud.madrid.org" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Garrido Gutiérrez" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Maldonado Cid" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Sección de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Madrid, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Cosméticos radioactivos. La belleza «radiante»" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1013 "Ancho" => 805 "Tamanyo" => 193370 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0015" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Advertisement for Ramey’s Crème Radiacée, which not only made skin feel velvety and removed wrinkles but also regenerated the epidermis. <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0015" href="http://media.topito.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/500x603xramey-e1295787652834.jpeg.pagespeed.ic_.G-sZwoBPZR.jpg">http://media.topito.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/500x603xramey-e1295787652834.jpeg.pagespeed.ic_.G-sZwoBPZR.jpg</span>.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first evidence of radioactivity was detected by Henri Becquerel. After Marie and Pierre Curie later discovered the first radioactive element, radium, all 3 received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although radioactivity has led to great advances in medicine — in our own specialty alone, for example, it has enabled the treatment of certain skin cancers — adequate protection against rays must be provided if adverse effects are to be avoided.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Modern societies seem to fully grasp the need for protection against the harmful effects of radiation, but that was not the case in the years immediately following the discoveries of Becquerel and the Curies.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This article aims to illustrate the lack of understanding of radioactivity’s dangers in the early years. To that end, we recount two stories that reveal the consequences of societal ignorance of health threats coupled with an unscrupulous rush to profit from the use of radioactive elements in products sold in the first third of the 20th century.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Comment</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first story unfolded at the beginning of the century, when several companies began to manufacture watches with luminous dials that were highly useful for combatants in World War I. Luminescence was achieved by applying radium paint, but since workers would first lick the bristles of their brushes to point them, they absorbed small amounts of radium each time. After about 5 years on average, some of the workers began to suffer nontraumatic bone fractures and highly aggressive sarcomas on various parts of their bodies. That these adverse events were caused by the radioactive material in radium paint was finally demonstrated only after considerable study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The second story involves the use of radium in many products, but mainly cosmetics used during the 1930s. This application was based on the supposed curative properties of radioactive elements and their purported ability to lend a luminescent quality to skin.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some of the cosmetics companies that used radioactive materials promised their formulations would afford a nearly miraculous “radiant” beauty, a claim supported with falsified data.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Companies such as Tho-Radia, Radior, Artes, and Ramey were created around these products:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">THO-RADIA, the best known manufacturer of the group, was founded in 1932 by Alexis Moussalli, a pharmacist, and Alfred Curie — a doctor who bore no relation to the discoverers of radium in spite of his name.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,7</span></a> Their laboratory formulated a range of cosmetics that included lipsticks, creams, powders, toothpastes, and brillantine. Their packaging stated that the products contained radium and thorium (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). Even so, the company managed to stay in business until 1962.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RADIOR was a London enterprise whose advertisements emphasized that users would need no surgical treatments to bring out their beauty (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ARTES was another English laboratory that claimed their hydrating cream ensured radiant youth and beauty.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RAMEY was the French manufacturer of a cream that promised an antiaging effect and regeneration of the epidermis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></li></ul></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We have found no evidence that similar products were manufactured or sold in Spain, but we cannot rule out that some were imported from manufacturers abroad.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Whether the advertised cosmetics truly contained the radioactive ingredients they claimed to have is unknown. Some authors have even questioned the legality of the certificates the manufacturers provided.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is also difficult to imagine how the cosmetics industry might have handled radioactive products in an era before today’s safety regulations were in place.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,9</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Conclusions</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The story of these products can encourage us to reflect on the lengths our society has gone to in the name of ideal beauty. They also show the importance of laws regulating the manufacture of cosmetics. Regulations have made current manufacturing processes considerably safer than those used in the past.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Comment" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest" ] 5 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2019-10-08" "fechaAceptado" => "2020-02-10" "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Díaz Díaz RM, Garrido Gutiérrez C, Maldonado Cid P. Cosméticos radioactivos. La belleza «radiante». Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2020;111:863–865.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 834 "Ancho" => 755 "Tamanyo" => 101300 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Container for a cosmetic powder from the Tho-Radia laboratory. The label emphasizes that the product has excellent cosmetic properties. The word <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">healthy</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">saine</span>) is used in the description. <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0005" href="https://www.picclickimg.com/d/l400/pict/222857405424_/THO-RADIA-POUDRE-exceptionally-rare-French-compact-powder-Ocre.jpg">https://www.picclickimg.com/d/l400/pict/222857405424_/THO-RADIA-POUDRE-exceptionally-rare-French-compact-powder-Ocre.jpg</span>.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1070 "Ancho" => 805 "Tamanyo" => 190907 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Advertisement for Radior’s full range of beauty products for women. <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0010" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Radior_cosmetics_containing_radium_1918.jpg/356pxRadior_cosmetics_containing_radium_1918.jpg">https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Radior_cosmetics_containing_radium_1918.jpg/356pxRadior_cosmetics_containing_radium_1918.jpg</span>.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1013 "Ancho" => 805 "Tamanyo" => 193370 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0015" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Advertisement for Ramey’s Crème Radiacée, which not only made skin feel velvety and removed wrinkles but also regenerated the epidermis. <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0015" href="http://media.topito.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/500x603xramey-e1295787652834.jpeg.pagespeed.ic_.G-sZwoBPZR.jpg">http://media.topito.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/500x603xramey-e1295787652834.jpeg.pagespeed.ic_.G-sZwoBPZR.jpg</span>.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The history of radioactivity and its applications in hygiene and therapy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "C.R. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 41 | 2 | 43 |
| 2024 October | 939 | 88 | 1027 |
| 2024 September | 599 | 57 | 656 |
| 2024 August | 624 | 96 | 720 |
| 2024 July | 465 | 52 | 517 |
| 2024 June | 480 | 41 | 521 |
| 2024 May | 558 | 47 | 605 |
| 2024 April | 425 | 37 | 462 |
| 2024 March | 542 | 53 | 595 |
| 2024 February | 566 | 41 | 607 |
| 2024 January | 624 | 51 | 675 |
| 2023 December | 517 | 32 | 549 |
| 2023 November | 583 | 47 | 630 |
| 2023 October | 463 | 49 | 512 |
| 2023 September | 379 | 37 | 416 |
| 2023 August | 289 | 35 | 324 |
| 2023 July | 313 | 54 | 367 |
| 2023 June | 243 | 32 | 275 |
| 2023 May | 506 | 43 | 549 |
| 2023 April | 380 | 37 | 417 |
| 2023 March | 609 | 59 | 668 |
| 2023 February | 451 | 33 | 484 |
| 2023 January | 356 | 69 | 425 |
| 2022 December | 239 | 74 | 313 |
| 2022 November | 205 | 26 | 231 |
| 2022 October | 192 | 23 | 215 |
| 2022 September | 98 | 52 | 150 |
| 2022 August | 89 | 32 | 121 |
| 2022 July | 51 | 47 | 98 |
| 2022 June | 43 | 22 | 65 |
| 2022 May | 252 | 60 | 312 |
| 2022 April | 313 | 45 | 358 |
| 2022 March | 317 | 67 | 384 |
| 2022 February | 303 | 43 | 346 |
| 2022 January | 319 | 55 | 374 |
| 2021 December | 260 | 64 | 324 |
| 2021 November | 290 | 62 | 352 |
| 2021 October | 278 | 100 | 378 |
| 2021 September | 206 | 99 | 305 |
| 2021 August | 202 | 63 | 265 |
| 2021 July | 178 | 44 | 222 |
| 2021 June | 272 | 59 | 331 |
| 2021 May | 336 | 65 | 401 |
| 2021 April | 335 | 92 | 427 |
| 2021 March | 189 | 59 | 248 |
| 2021 February | 99 | 55 | 154 |
| 2021 January | 151 | 66 | 217 |
| 2020 December | 95 | 33 | 128 |
| 2020 November | 56 | 15 | 71 |
| 2020 October | 47 | 9 | 56 |
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