Case and Research Letters
Heparin-Induced Skin Necrosis Occurring at a Distance From Injection Sites
Necrosis cutánea por heparina con afectación a distancia del punto de administración
A. Estébanez
, E. Silva, P. Cordero, J.M. Martín
Corresponding author
Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain
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Estébanez, E. Silva, P. Cordero, J.M. Martín" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Estébanez" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "andreaestebanez_7@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Silva" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Cordero" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.M." "apellidos" => "Martín" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Necrosis cutánea por heparina con afectación a distancia del punto de administración" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 861 "Ancho" => 906 "Tamanyo" => 122339 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Resolution of necrotic lesions 15 days after discontinuing heparin treatment.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 67-year-old man who had been diagnosed 1 year earlier with inoperable glioblastoma multiforme that was refractory to multiple treatments was treated with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) after an episode of pulmonary thromboembolism and deep venous thrombosis. Disseminated asymptomatic skin lesions appeared 5 days after beginning LMWH therapy. Despite the spectacular appearance of the skin lesions the patient’s general condition was excellent. Fever and other clinical signs of infection were absent. Physical examination revealed large, noninfiltrated ecchymotic plaques located mainly on the abdomen without underlying fluid collection (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>A), necrotic lesions on the right thigh (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>B), and tense blisters with hemorrhagic content in the distal area of the right leg (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>C).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the patient’s clinical picture a suspected diagnosis of heparin-induced skin necrosis was established. Laboratory tests, including a complete blood count and coagulation parameters, revealed no findings of interest, apart from thrombocytopenia (107<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000 platelets/mL). Tests for anti-platelet factor 4 antibodies were negative. Heparin treatment was immediately discontinued and oral anticoagulation treatment with warfarin was initiated. Fifteen days after heparin discontinuation a clear improvement in the patient’s lesions was observed (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>) and the platelet count returned to 130<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000 platelets/mL. Skin necrosis in response to anticoagulant treatment is a rare adverse reaction, and is rarer in patients treated with heparin than in those treated with oral anticoagulants (0.01% of patients).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Although the pathogenesis of this adverse effect is unclear, most authors suspect an immune mechanism whereby heparin-induced production of anti-platelet antibodies triggers platelet aggregation and consequent vascular occlusion. Heparin-induced skin necrosis is considered part of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia syndrome, although a decrease in platelet count is observed in only 50% of patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Clinical signs appear between 5 and 15 days after beginning treatment, usually close to the injection site, although rarer cases involving lesions at a distance from the injection site have also been described.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lesions initially appear as painful, well-delimited erythematous or hemorrhagic macules that become indurated over the following days. Subsequently, the lesions become necrotic and give way to tense, painful serosanguineous sores and blisters that evolve into marked necrosis of the skin and subcutaneous cellular tissue. In addition to marked necrotic lesions, affected patients may present with other abortive erythematous or cyanotic lesions.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Blood tests typically reveal thrombocytopenia and the presence of anti-platelet factor IV antibodies, although their absence is insufficient to rule out heparin-induced skin necrosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diagnosis is mainly clinical, with histological confirmation in doubtful cases. The main differential diagnoses are warfarin-induced skin necrosis and heparin-induced type-IV hypersensitivity reaction.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment consists of immediate discontinuation of heparin administration and replacement with other anticoagulants such as direct thrombin inhibitors (hirudins) or warfarin.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,6</span></a> Substitution with other LMWHs is not recommended. Discontinuation of heparin treatment is followed by rapid recovery of the platelet count and progressive healing of necrotic lesions, as occurred in the present case.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most common adverse effects of heparin include bleeding, alopecia (in up to 50% of patients undergoing prolonged treatment), osteoporosis, hypersensitivity phenomena, and thrombocytopenia. Skin necrosis is a rare adverse reaction to heparin, but should be taken into consideration.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Diagnosis is primarily clinical, and early withdrawal of heparin treatment is essential to avoid the development of potentially fatal visceral thrombotic complications.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 1 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2018-02-02" "fechaAceptado" => "2018-03-27" "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Estébanez A, Silva E, Cordero P, Martín JM. Necrosis cutánea por heparina con afectación a distancia del punto de administración. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2019;110:869–871.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 739 "Ancho" => 1506 "Tamanyo" => 126530 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A, Abdominal ecchymotic plaques. B, Necrotic lesions on the right thigh. C, Tense hemorrhagic blisters in the distal area of the right leg.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 861 "Ancho" => 906 "Tamanyo" => 122339 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Resolution of necrotic lesions 15 days after discontinuing heparin treatment.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Necrosis cutánea por tratamiento anticoagulante oral" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "D. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 24 | 18 | 42 |
| 2024 October | 175 | 41 | 216 |
| 2024 September | 169 | 26 | 195 |
| 2024 August | 191 | 51 | 242 |
| 2024 July | 189 | 44 | 233 |
| 2024 June | 167 | 36 | 203 |
| 2024 May | 147 | 26 | 173 |
| 2024 April | 130 | 29 | 159 |
| 2024 March | 115 | 29 | 144 |
| 2024 February | 122 | 41 | 163 |
| 2024 January | 111 | 35 | 146 |
| 2023 December | 124 | 22 | 146 |
| 2023 November | 168 | 35 | 203 |
| 2023 October | 135 | 42 | 177 |
| 2023 September | 114 | 42 | 156 |
| 2023 August | 70 | 29 | 99 |
| 2023 July | 88 | 65 | 153 |
| 2023 June | 72 | 41 | 113 |
| 2023 May | 110 | 67 | 177 |
| 2023 April | 93 | 31 | 124 |
| 2023 March | 92 | 38 | 130 |
| 2023 February | 86 | 29 | 115 |
| 2023 January | 65 | 32 | 97 |
| 2022 December | 73 | 39 | 112 |
| 2022 November | 34 | 31 | 65 |
| 2022 October | 50 | 30 | 80 |
| 2022 September | 34 | 59 | 93 |
| 2022 August | 36 | 41 | 77 |
| 2022 July | 28 | 33 | 61 |
| 2022 June | 32 | 31 | 63 |
| 2022 May | 126 | 54 | 180 |
| 2022 April | 142 | 33 | 175 |
| 2022 March | 167 | 38 | 205 |
| 2022 February | 166 | 37 | 203 |
| 2022 January | 248 | 31 | 279 |
| 2021 December | 160 | 42 | 202 |
| 2021 November | 184 | 46 | 230 |
| 2021 October | 323 | 69 | 392 |
| 2021 September | 130 | 47 | 177 |
| 2021 August | 145 | 42 | 187 |
| 2021 July | 125 | 28 | 153 |
| 2021 June | 135 | 46 | 181 |
| 2021 May | 180 | 64 | 244 |
| 2021 April | 279 | 87 | 366 |
| 2021 March | 107 | 25 | 132 |
| 2021 February | 64 | 24 | 88 |
| 2021 January | 47 | 9 | 56 |
| 2020 December | 45 | 20 | 65 |
| 2020 November | 34 | 16 | 50 |
| 2020 October | 46 | 15 | 61 |
| 2020 September | 44 | 15 | 59 |
| 2020 August | 28 | 21 | 49 |
| 2020 July | 22 | 14 | 36 |
| 2020 June | 26 | 34 | 60 |
| 2020 May | 24 | 12 | 36 |
| 2020 April | 20 | 15 | 35 |
| 2020 March | 35 | 10 | 45 |
| 2020 February | 11 | 7 | 18 |
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