Case and Research Letters
Pemphigoid Gestationis Mimicking Erythema Multiforme With Mucosal Involvement
Penfigoide gestacional simulando un eritema multiforme con afectación mucosa
A. Lobato-Berezoa,
, M.T. Fernández Figuerasc, J.A. Moreno Romerob, R.M. Pujola
Corresponding author
a Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital del Mar-Parc Salut Mar, Barcelona, España
b Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Universitari General de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, España
c Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitari General de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, España
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Lobato-Berezo, M.T. Fernández Figueras, J.A. Moreno Romero, R.M. Pujol" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Lobato-Berezo" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "allobe@hotmail.es" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M.T." "apellidos" => "Fernández Figueras" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "J.A." "apellidos" => "Moreno Romero" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "R.M." "apellidos" => "Pujol" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital del Mar-Parc Salut Mar, Barcelona, España" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Universitari General de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, España" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitari General de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, España" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Penfigoide gestacional simulando un eritema multiforme con afectación mucosa" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1246 "Ancho" => 1667 "Tamanyo" => 312937 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Exudative erythema multiforme-like lesions on the skin and oral erosions.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pemphigoid gestationis is a relatively rare autoimmune blistering disease that occurs during pregnancy. In very rare cases this process can be complicated by the appearance of generalized lesions with involvement of the oral mucosa.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A healthy, 33-year-old woman in week 35 of her second pregnancy with the same partner was seen for generalized and buccal lesions. The patient reported no previous infectious processes and had not begun treatment with any new medications. Physical examination revealed large, erythematous-edematous plaques around the umbilicus and on the neck. Exudative erythema multiforme-like lesions were observed on the palms and soles, and extensive erosions without vesicles or blisters on the oral mucosa (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). Skin biopsy revealed a subepidermal blister with eosinophilic spongiosis, without vacuolar degeneration of the epidermal basement membrane (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). Direct immunofluorescence showed linear focal deposits of complement component 3 (C3) in the basement membrane. No anti-BP180 antibodies were detected by indirect immunofluorescence. Serology for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycoplasma pneumoniae</span> was negative for immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG. The patient began corticosteroid treatment with oral prednisone (0.75 mg/kg/d) and topical 0.05% clobetasol propionate cream. The lesions progressively improved and finally disappeared 2 months after the patient gave birth, leaving residual pigmentation. The baby was delivered without complications (eg, preterm birth, low birth weight) and without skin lesions. After 6 months of follow-up the patient remained free of lesions.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pemphigoid gestationis, formerly known as herpes gestationis, is a rare autoimmune blistering disease associated with pregnancy. It usually occurs during the second or third trimester of pregnancy (68% of cases), with incidence ranging from 1 per 20,000 to 1 per 50,000 population, and tends to resolve after childbirth, although flare-ups can occur after delivery and during menstruation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lesions begin as pruritic urticarial papules and plaques that rapidly evolve to vesicles but rarely progress to large blisters. In up to 65% of cases lesions initially appear in the periumbilical area, subsequently spreading to other areas including the abdomen, legs, arms, palms, and soles.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> A case series by Hallaji and coworkers<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> reported no instances of mucosal involvement. In another case series, Castro et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> reported involvement of the hard palate mucosa in 1 patient and of the genital mucosa in another. However, neither of those articles specify whether the aforementioned involvement consisted of erosions, ulcers, blisters, or vesicles. Another peculiarity in our case was the appearance on the patient's palms and soles of exudative erythema multiforme-like lesions, which are sporadically but infrequently described in the literature.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histological findings depend on the intensity and stage of evolution of the lesions. The presence of abundant eosinophils is a consistent finding in pemphigoid gestationis. The key finding in the blistering phase is the presence of a subepidermal blister in the basement membrane. In 100% of cases direct immunofluorescence reveals the presence of linear C3 deposition along the basement membrane. Deposition of IgG1 is observed in 25% to 30% of cases. Depending on the technique used, indirect immunofluorescence can detect IgG against the BP180 antigen in 30% to 100% of cases. However, titers do not always correlate with disease activity.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first disease that should be included in the differential diagnosis is pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP). The absence of striae gravidarum and the presence of periumbilical lesions in pemphigoid gestationis can facilitate distinction of pemphigoid gestationis from PUPPP. Pemphigoid gestationis should also be distinguished from other blistering diseases that can occur during pregnancy, including bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis, linear IgA disease, bullous systemic lupus erythematosus, exudative erythema multiforme, toxic drug reaction, and contact dermatitis.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prednisolone (0.5–1 mg/kg/d) is one of the most effective and safest forms of treatment during pregnancy. Prolonged systemic corticosteroid therapy can result in an increased incidence of preterm birth or low birth weight. In cases of refractory and progressive pemphigoid gestationis other therapeutic options such as immunoglobulin or ciclosporin treatment can be considered, always bearing in mind the potential risk to the fetus.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span></a> It should be noted that more severe flare-ups can occur during subsequent pregnancies or in conjunction with contraceptive use.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In general the fetal prognosis is good: mild involvement in the form of wheals or vesicles is reported in 10% of cases.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, we present a case of pemphigoid gestationis, confirmed by histology and direct immunofluorescence, with extensive exudative erythema multiforme-like lesions and involvement of the oral mucosa. Oral involvement in this type of blistering disease is very infrequent.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest" ] 1 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2017-12-12" "fechaAceptado" => "2018-02-11" "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Lobato-Berezo A, Fernández Figueras MT, Moreno Romero JA, Pujol RM. Pemphigoid Gestationis Mimicking Erythema Multiforme With Mucosal Involvement. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2019;110:696–697.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1246 "Ancho" => 1667 "Tamanyo" => 312937 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Exudative erythema multiforme-like lesions on the skin and oral erosions.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1468 "Ancho" => 1000 "Tamanyo" => 416901 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Partially re-epithelialized subepidermal blister with neutrophilic and eosinophilic inflammatory infiltrate (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification ×20). The direct immunofluorescence image (bottom right) shows focal linear C3 deposition in the basement membrane.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Pregnancy dermatoses: Diagnosis, management, and controversies" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "M.M. Roth" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2165/11532010-000000000-00000" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Clin Dermatol." 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 13 | 15 | 28 |
| 2024 October | 98 | 59 | 157 |
| 2024 September | 91 | 39 | 130 |
| 2024 August | 117 | 80 | 197 |
| 2024 July | 116 | 43 | 159 |
| 2024 June | 112 | 56 | 168 |
| 2024 May | 118 | 42 | 160 |
| 2024 April | 145 | 30 | 175 |
| 2024 March | 77 | 25 | 102 |
| 2024 February | 97 | 41 | 138 |
| 2024 January | 81 | 28 | 109 |
| 2023 December | 78 | 21 | 99 |
| 2023 November | 86 | 48 | 134 |
| 2023 October | 111 | 32 | 143 |
| 2023 September | 79 | 32 | 111 |
| 2023 August | 93 | 29 | 122 |
| 2023 July | 90 | 51 | 141 |
| 2023 June | 82 | 35 | 117 |
| 2023 May | 79 | 54 | 133 |
| 2023 April | 61 | 32 | 93 |
| 2023 March | 59 | 39 | 98 |
| 2023 February | 58 | 32 | 90 |
| 2023 January | 57 | 36 | 93 |
| 2022 December | 62 | 56 | 118 |
| 2022 November | 34 | 30 | 64 |
| 2022 October | 27 | 34 | 61 |
| 2022 September | 28 | 37 | 65 |
| 2022 August | 25 | 46 | 71 |
| 2022 July | 41 | 48 | 89 |
| 2022 June | 24 | 38 | 62 |
| 2022 May | 46 | 39 | 85 |
| 2022 April | 68 | 31 | 99 |
| 2022 March | 81 | 60 | 141 |
| 2022 February | 55 | 38 | 93 |
| 2022 January | 64 | 49 | 113 |
| 2021 December | 46 | 33 | 79 |
| 2021 November | 66 | 43 | 109 |
| 2021 October | 127 | 67 | 194 |
| 2021 September | 64 | 40 | 104 |
| 2021 August | 48 | 33 | 81 |
| 2021 July | 40 | 25 | 65 |
| 2021 June | 50 | 26 | 76 |
| 2021 May | 48 | 39 | 87 |
| 2021 April | 71 | 72 | 143 |
| 2021 March | 56 | 30 | 86 |
| 2021 February | 49 | 24 | 73 |
| 2021 January | 44 | 25 | 69 |
| 2020 December | 31 | 16 | 47 |
| 2020 November | 33 | 21 | 54 |
| 2020 October | 41 | 12 | 53 |
| 2020 September | 43 | 12 | 55 |
| 2020 August | 27 | 19 | 46 |
| 2020 July | 44 | 20 | 64 |
| 2020 June | 28 | 18 | 46 |
| 2020 May | 22 | 9 | 31 |
| 2020 April | 14 | 10 | 24 |
| 2020 March | 10 | 12 | 22 |
| 2020 February | 2 | 2 | 4 |
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