Case and Research Letters
Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Kojic Acid
Dermatitis alérgica de contacto al ácido kójico
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Tejera-Vaquerizo, J. García-Gavín" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Tejera-Vaquerizo" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "antoniotejera@aedv.es" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "García-Gavín" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología, Instituto Dermatológico GlobalDerm, Palma del Río, Córdoba, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Clínica Pérez & Gavín dermatólogos, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Dermatitis alérgica de contacto al ácido kójico" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 599 "Ancho" => 900 "Tamanyo" => 86635 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Eczematous lesions at the application sites of the skin lightening product.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 54-year-old woman presented at our dermatology unit with facial erythema associated with itching and a burning sensation. She had been applying Neoretin Serum (Cantabria Lab., Santander, Spain) to her face for approximately 1 month (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). She was instructed to stop using this product and was prescribed topical hydrocortisone until the erythema improved.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In accordance with the European Society of Contact Dermatitis guideline for diagnostic patch testing,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> the patient was tested with the standard series recommended by the Spanish Contact Dermatitis Research Group (GEIDAC), supplied by BIAL-Aristegui (Bilbao, Spain), and Nerotetin Serum (semi-occlusive patch test) on her forearm. The 48- and 96-hour readings were positive (+++) for the serum only (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>A).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Four weeks later, the patient was tested with the individual ingredients of the serum (with petrolatum as the vehicle) kindly supplied by the manufacturer (Cantabria Labs, SL). These included hydroxypinacolone retinoate, N-acetylglucosamine, Cromabright, Natriquest, Alistin, Albatín, niacinamide, HidraCare, Hydromanil, acetyl hexapeptide, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Physalis angulata</span> extract, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Portulaca oleracea</span> extract, salicylic acid, kojic acid nanoliposomes, and kojic acid. The substances were tested as supplied by the manufacturer, except for kojic acid, which was applied in a 1% water solution, as previously described.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The patient showed no reaction at 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours, but re-evaluation at 96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours showed a strong positive reaction (++) to kojic acid (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>B). The reaction was still present at day 7. The rest of the ingredients were negative.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The kojic acid 1% solution was tested in 12 control patients and was negative in all cases at 96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Kojic acid (5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-pyrone) is widely used as a cosmetic skin lightening product and its depigmentation properties are due to its ability to chelate copper from free tyrosinase.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Kojic acid is a natural substance produced by fungi and bacteria such as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus, Penicillium</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acetobacter</span> spp.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> It is also a traditional Japanese ingredient found in miso (soy pasta), shoyu (soy sauce), and sake.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> There is no evidence that the doses present in food are harmful,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> or that eating food containing kojic acid causes dermatitis recurrence or any other adverse effects in patients with contact dermatitis to kojic acid.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although kojic acid is widely used, few cases of contact dermatitis to this substance have been published.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,4,5</span></a> There have also been reports of leucoderma (hypopigmentation)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> and even paradoxical hyperpigmentation following its use.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the largest series to date of contact dermatitis due to kojic acid, Nakagawa and Kawai<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> found that sensitization occurred within a relatively short period (within 1-12 months of use), probably due to the frequent application of the product and the strong patch test reactions, particularly on days 3 and 7, as in our case.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors remarked on the intensity of the patch test reactions, with stronger reactions seen on days 3 and 7 than at 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours. We observed the same in our patient.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We have described a case of contact dermatitis to topical kojic acid. Although there are very few reports in the literature, it is important to be familiar with this condition, as kojic acid is widely used in skin lightening products.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest" ] 1 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Tejera-Vaquerizo A, García-Gavín J. Dermatitis alérgica de contacto al ácido kójico. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2019;110:243–244.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 599 "Ancho" => 900 "Tamanyo" => 86635 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Eczematous lesions at the application sites of the skin lightening product.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 2000 "Ancho" => 1500 "Tamanyo" => 199319 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A, Semi-occlusive patch test with the skin lightening product on the patient's forearm at 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours. B, Patch test results at 96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours with the products supplied by the manufacturer. Positive reaction to kojic acid in 1% water solution.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "European Society of Contact Dermatitis guideline for diagnostic patch testing - recommendations on best practice" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J.D. Johansen" 1 => "K. Aalto-Korte" 2 => "T. Agner" 3 => "K.E. Andersen" 4 => "A. Bircher" 5 => "M. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 44 | 8 | 52 |
| 2024 October | 432 | 70 | 502 |
| 2024 September | 470 | 49 | 519 |
| 2024 August | 484 | 73 | 557 |
| 2024 July | 543 | 59 | 602 |
| 2024 June | 470 | 48 | 518 |
| 2024 May | 453 | 60 | 513 |
| 2024 April | 421 | 49 | 470 |
| 2024 March | 439 | 53 | 492 |
| 2024 February | 372 | 51 | 423 |
| 2024 January | 430 | 52 | 482 |
| 2023 December | 418 | 33 | 451 |
| 2023 November | 427 | 50 | 477 |
| 2023 October | 489 | 37 | 526 |
| 2023 September | 408 | 33 | 441 |
| 2023 August | 337 | 20 | 357 |
| 2023 July | 362 | 40 | 402 |
| 2023 June | 313 | 28 | 341 |
| 2023 May | 400 | 28 | 428 |
| 2023 April | 315 | 21 | 336 |
| 2023 March | 306 | 24 | 330 |
| 2023 February | 327 | 17 | 344 |
| 2023 January | 286 | 36 | 322 |
| 2022 December | 215 | 35 | 250 |
| 2022 November | 137 | 33 | 170 |
| 2022 October | 106 | 25 | 131 |
| 2022 September | 136 | 50 | 186 |
| 2022 August | 132 | 58 | 190 |
| 2022 July | 84 | 49 | 133 |
| 2022 June | 89 | 34 | 123 |
| 2022 May | 266 | 34 | 300 |
| 2022 April | 356 | 31 | 387 |
| 2022 March | 378 | 69 | 447 |
| 2022 February | 277 | 34 | 311 |
| 2022 January | 278 | 34 | 312 |
| 2021 December | 213 | 41 | 254 |
| 2021 November | 263 | 38 | 301 |
| 2021 October | 304 | 50 | 354 |
| 2021 September | 241 | 39 | 280 |
| 2021 August | 252 | 26 | 278 |
| 2021 July | 224 | 11 | 235 |
| 2021 June | 244 | 22 | 266 |
| 2021 May | 293 | 42 | 335 |
| 2021 April | 558 | 62 | 620 |
| 2021 March | 324 | 23 | 347 |
| 2021 February | 217 | 20 | 237 |
| 2021 January | 187 | 21 | 208 |
| 2020 December | 176 | 26 | 202 |
| 2020 November | 131 | 20 | 151 |
| 2020 October | 71 | 21 | 92 |
| 2020 September | 96 | 9 | 105 |
| 2020 August | 60 | 24 | 84 |
| 2020 July | 64 | 15 | 79 |
| 2020 June | 43 | 15 | 58 |
| 2020 May | 29 | 15 | 44 |
| 2020 April | 21 | 13 | 34 |
| 2020 March | 18 | 8 | 26 |
| 2020 February | 6 | 2 | 8 |
| 2019 November | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 2019 May | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2019 April | 1 | 0 | 1 |
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