Original Article
Reliability of the MDi Psoriasis Application to Aid Therapeutic Decision-Making in Psoriasis
Fiabilidad de una aplicación de ayuda a la toma de decisiones terapéuticas en el paciente con psoriasis (MDi Psoriasis®)
D. Moreno-Ramíreza,
, J.M. Herrerías-Estebanb, T. Ojeda-Vilaa, J.M. Carrascosac, G. Carreterod, P. de la Cuevae, C. Ferrándizc, M. Galánf, R. Riverag, L. Rodríguez-Fernándezh, R. Ruiz-Villaverdei, L. Ferrándiza
Corresponding author
a Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
b Subdirección de Tecnologías de Información y Comunicaciones, Consejería de Salud, Sevilla, Spain
c Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
d Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
e Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain
f Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
g Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
h Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
i Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Dermatología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
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"apellidos" => "Ferrándiz" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Subdirección de Tecnologías de Información y Comunicaciones, Consejería de Salud, Sevilla, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] 6 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "g" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] 7 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain" "etiqueta" => "h" "identificador" => "aff0040" ] 8 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Dermatología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain" "etiqueta" => "i" "identificador" => "aff0045" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Fiabilidad de una aplicación de ayuda a la toma de decisiones terapéuticas en el paciente con psoriasis (MDi Psoriasis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>)" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1777 "Ancho" => 3003 "Tamanyo" => 248173 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Percent agreement between the experts and the MDi-Psoriasis application on each of the 10 cases. Pso refers to psoriasis; HBV, hepatitis B virus.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Psoriasis is a chronic disease with a prevalence of 2.3% in the general population of Spain; the prevalence is 2.7% in men and persons over the age of 30 years and increases gradually until the age bracket of 60–69 years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Although this skin disease is benign, up to 60% of patients develop concomitant diseases that can affect other organs and systems and even reduce life expectancy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a> Conditions that are commonly associated with psoriasis are metabolic (obesity, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia), inflammatory (arthritis, chronic inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis), psychiatric (anxiety, depression), or organ-specific (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, for example). Certain behavioral traits, such as alcoholism, are also associated with psoriasis. These comorbid conditions not only affect the patient's general health (by conferring cardiovascular risk, for example) but also affect therapeutic management by increasing the toxicity of systemic treatments as well as drug resistance.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Besides associated diseases, other factors such as age, desire to reproduce, and concurrent medication also have significant effects on therapeutic decision-making. They must also be taken into consideration when the clinician is choosing the most appropriate treatment for a particular patient.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Applications for internet-connected mobile phones (smartphones) are now widely available, offering the general population and health professionals unprecedented access to information anywhere, anytime.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The health care sector has been among the targets favored by developers, whose applications link patients to professionals (mobile phone telemedicine) and can even assist with clinical decision-making. However, few studies have assessed the usability, effectiveness, reliability, and efficiency of health care applications.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We aimed to assess the reliability of a mobile telephone application (the MDi-Psoriasis) designed to help the dermatologist decide what treatments to propose for patients with moderate to severe psoriasis.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This cross-sectional analysis of agreement, or concordance, compared the therapeutic decisions suggested by the MDi-Psoriasis application to those made by a group of 10 dermatologists who are experts in the disease.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The MDi-Psoriasis, which runs on iOS and Android devices, guides the dermatologist making therapeutic decisions for patients with moderate to severe psoriasis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> After a patient's demographic characteristics are input, the application reports the most appropriate, possible, and inappropriate treatments (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). The algorithm of the MDi-Psoriasis includes 60 variables related to patient demographic, clinical, and medication characteristics that combine with 11 possible systemic treatments currently available for moderate to severe psoriasis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> More than 600 individual scenarios and over 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000 combined scenarios are generated.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The recommendations are based on currently accepted clinical practice guidelines used regularly by various psoriasis groups (the European Academy of Dermatology, German Society of Dermatology, and American Academy of Dermatology), on consensus papers and interest group recommendations (of the National Psoriasis Foundation and the Psoriasis Working Group of the Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology [AEDV]), and on the approved summary of product characteristics for each medication. The MDi-Psoriasis includes all currently approved treatments for moderate to severe psoriasis: UV-B phototherapy, psoralen plus UV-A phototherapy, acitretin, methotrexate, ciclosporin, adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab, ustekinumab, secukinumab, and apremilast.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The participating experts had to have more than 5 years’ work experience in psoriasis management units of general hospitals in a Spanish autonomous community (represented were Andalusia, Catalonia, the Canary Islands, and Madrid). The selected experts (authors<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>J.<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M.<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C., G.<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C., P.<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>de<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>la<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C., C.<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>F., L.<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>F., M.<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G., T.<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>O.<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V., R.<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>R., L.<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>R.<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>F., R.<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>R.<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V.) had a median of 15 years’ experience (range, 7–30 years; thus >5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>years in all cases) and treated at least 50 patients per month (range, 50–200). These experts were asked to comment on 10 fictitious cases of moderate to severe psoriasis that typified different clinical forms, concomitant conditions, prior treatment profiles, and diverse factors that might potentially modify therapeutic decisions (e.g., drug interactions, pregnancy, breastfeeding) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). The experts answered a set of questions about each case (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Information about the same 10 cases was input into the MDi-Psoriasis application. The recommendations (most appropriate, possible, inappropriate) were then compared to those of the 10 experts.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main outcome measure was agreement between the application and the experts according to Cohen's κ statistic (paired interrater agreement) and Fliess's κ statistic (agreement among multiple raters). The secondary outcome measure was the level of agreement between the recommendations of the experts and the application for most appropriate treatment (first choice). We first calculated paired and multiple concordance rates between the experts without considering the recommendations of the MDi-Psoriasis application.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Because the ratings were qualitative variables, we calculated both the percentages of absolute agreement and their 95% CIs as well as both κ statistics. The κ statistics were interpreted according to the following cutoffs: poor agreement, <<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.20; weak, ≥<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.21 and <<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.40; moderate, ≥<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.41 and <<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.60; good or substantial, ≥<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.61 and <<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.80; almost perfect, ≥<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.81 and <<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.0.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> XLSTAT for Mac and ReCalc3 software was used for these analyses.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Results</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 10 experts and the MDi-Psoriasis application produced a total of 1210 evaluations. The mean level of absolute agreement between the application and the experts was 51.3% (95% CI, 48.5%–54.1%) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). The κ statistic for agreement between the MDi-Psoriasis and each of the experts was 0.29 (κ<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.28 between the application and the group of experts). Absolute agreement for paired expert observers was moderate to low, ranging from 34.6% to 67.3%, giving a mean percent coincidence of 50.5% (95% CI, 47.6%–53.5%) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). The κ statistic was 0.29 for paired observers and 0.28 for multiple observers. The κ statistic for paired agreement between the recommendations of the MDi-Psoriasis tool and the majority opinion of the expert panel was 0.44 (68.2% absolute agreement).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Percent agreement between the first-choice recommendation of the majority of the experts and the MDi-Psoriasis application was 87.3% (κ<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.59). When the MDi-Psoriasis application was excluded, percent agreement on this outcome was 79.3%, but the κ statistic for multiple-observer agreement was 0.33. Apremilast and secukinumab were the first and second choices most often made by the MDi-Psoriasis application. Apremilast and ciclosporin were the first and second choices most often made by the expert consultants (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>). Absolute paired agreement on the cases ranged from 75.4% (case 10) to 36.2% (case 9) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Discussion</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Agreement on a series of complex psoriasis cases between an automatically executed algorithm and a group of psoriasis experts was studied with concordance statistics. However, beyond the issue of the application's reliability, this study also yielded interesting information about the level of uncertainty about how to treat psoriasis. We found that experts varied in the decisions they made in the complex cases presented. This variability, demonstrated by weak interobserver agreement (Fleiss's κ of 0.28) can be attributed to explanations ranging from differences in the experts’ preferences for and experiences with each of the medications, on the one hand, to the relative ease of availability of each treatment in the hospitals where they work. The influence of a physicians’ preference for a specific, more familiar, medication can be appreciated in the differences between the frequencies of recommendations for apremilast and secukinumab by the experts and by the MDi-Psoriasis application (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>). Because these 2 drugs have only recently been incorporated into the therapeutic arsenal, the experts have had less experience with them. An automatically executed algorithm, such as governs the MDi-Psoriasis, would be unable to take that into consideration.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the experts reported they had access to all the currently available medications for psoriasis and could prescribe them. Phototherapy equipment was also at their disposal. The scientific evidence the MDi-Psoriasis algorithm was based on, summarized in various guidelines and consensus papers,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7–10</span></a> also reflects a certain degree of variability, particularly regarding differences in the absolute or relative weighting of contraindications that are built into the MDi-Psoriasis. For example, attitudes toward factors such as liver disease, alcoholism, or desire to reproduce can vary, as can the approach to recommendations for treatments appropriate for difficult-to-treat locations (scalp, palms and soles, nails) or pustular forms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Pustular psoriasis figured in 2 of the 3 cases on which agreement was weakest (with rates of 36.2% and 41.2%) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>). In contrast, interrater agreement (including the MDI-Psoriasis application's recommendations) reached the highest level (79.3%) only regarding the first-choice treatment because possible relative or absolute contraindications did not enter into that decision.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally, the MDi-Psoriasis application achieved a paired interrater agreement equivalent to that of the experts, and agreement was higher in the comparison between the application's opinion and the majority opinion. The fact that the MDi-Psoriasis agreed more often with the consensus recommendation suggests it is able to give advice that coincides with options that are most widely accepted by experts and that are therefore more robust.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A methodological limitation was the difficulty of reaching high κ values in studies with multiple observers. Whereas percent agreement only reflects the number of identical decisions made, the κ statistic incorporates both the percentage and the number of random agreements expected to occur.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> This statistic is therefore considered the most appropriate one for studying interrater agreement.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study of reliability provided evidence that the MDi-Psoriasis application gives recommendations at least comparable to those given by an expert on psoriasis management. Use of this automatically executed algorithm based on current guidelines, developed as a smartphone application for the dermatologist, can help prescribers with therapeutic decision-making in the complex scenarios psoriasis patients sometimes present.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Ethical Disclosures</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this investigation.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Data confidentiality</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they followed their hospitals’ regulations regarding the publication of patient information and that written informed consent for voluntary participation was obtained for all patients.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no private patient data are disclosed in this article.</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have participated in training events and done research and served as consultants for the following laboratories: Abbvie, Amgen, Celgene, Gebro, Janssen-Cilag, LEO-Pharma, Lilly, MSD, Novartis, and Pfizer.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres888178" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Method" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec874148" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres888177" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Método" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec874147" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Ethical Disclosures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Data confidentiality" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] ] ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2016-10-07" "fechaAceptado" => "2017-02-26" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec874148" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Psoriasis" 1 => "Comorbidity" 2 => "Health applications" 3 => "eHealth" 4 => "Biologics" 5 => "Reproducibility" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec874147" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Psoriasis" 1 => "Comorbilidad" 2 => "Apps" 3 => "eSalud" 4 => "Biológicos" 5 => "Reproducibilidad psoriasis" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Therapeutic decisions in psoriasis are influenced by disease factors (e.g., severity or location), comorbidity, and demographic and clinical features.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objective</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We aimed to assess the reliability of a mobile telephone application (MDi-Psoriasis) designed to help the dermatologist make decisions on how to treat patients with moderate to severe psoriasis.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Method</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We analyzed interobserver agreement between the advice given by an expert panel and the recommendations of the MDi-Psoriasis application in 10 complex cases of moderate to severe psoriasis. The experts were asked their opinion on which treatments were most appropriate, possible, or inappropriate. Data from the same 10 cases were entered into the MDi-Psoriasis application. Agreement was analyzed in 3 ways: paired interobserver concordance (Cohen's κ), multiple interobserver concordance (Fleiss's κ), and percent agreement between recommendations.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The mean percent agreement between the total of 1210 observations was 51.3% (95% <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">CI</span>, 48.5–54.1%). Cohen's κ statistic was 0.29 and Fleiss's κ was 0.28. Mean agreement between pairs of human observers only, excluding the MDi-Psoriasis recommendations, was 50.5% (95% CI, 47.6–53.5%). Paired agreement between the recommendations of the MDi-Psoriasis tool and the majority opinion of the expert panel (Cohen's κ) was 0.44 (68.2% agreement).</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The MDi-Psoriasis tool can generate recommendations that are comparable to those of experts in psoriasis.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Method" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introducción</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las decisiones terapéuticas en el paciente con psoriasis están influidas por factores de la enfermedad (gravedad, localización, etc.), de las comorbilidades y de otras circunstancias demográficas y clínicas asociadas.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluar la fiabilidad de una aplicación móvil, MDi-Psoriasis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>, como instrumento de ayuda al dermatólogo en la toma de decisiones terapéuticas en pacientes con psoriasis moderada-grave.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Método</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio de concordancia interobservador entre las recomendaciones terapéuticas emitidas por un grupo de expertos y MDi-Psoriasis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> sobre 10 casos clínicos complejos de psoriasis moderada-grave. Para cada uno de los casos los expertos fueron preguntados por el tratamiento más adecuado, posible y no adecuado. Los mismos 10 casos clínicos fueron sometidos a la aplicación MDi-Psoriasis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> y se calcularon las concordancias interobservador pareada (kappa de Cohen) y múltiple (kappa de Fleiss), y el porcentaje de acuerdo entre las recomendaciones.</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sobre un total de 1.210 observaciones el porcentaje promedio de acuerdo fue del 51,3% (IC 95%: 48,5-54,1%), con una concordancia pareada de kappa<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,29 y múltiple de kappa<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,28. El acuerdo promedio entre pares de observadores, sin MDi-Psoriasis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>, fue del 50,5% (IC 95%: 47,6-53,5%). La concordancia pareada entre las recomendaciones emitidas por MDi-Psoriasis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> y la opinión mayoritaria de los expertos fue de kappa<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,44, con un acuerdo del 68,2%.</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">MDi-Psoriasis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> puede emitir recomendaciones comparables a las emitidas por un experto en psoriasis.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Método" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Moreno-Ramírez D, Herrerías-Esteban JM, Ojeda-Vila T, Carrascosa JM, Carretero G, de la Cueva P, et al. Fiabilidad de una aplicación de ayuda a la toma de decisiones terapéuticas en el paciente con psoriasis (MDi Psoriasis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>). Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2017;108:650–656.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2705 "Ancho" => 1587 "Tamanyo" => 306553 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Screenshot of recommendations made by the MDi-Psoriasis application for patient number 5 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). NB–UV-A refers to narrow-band UV-A phototherapy; PUVA, psoralen plus UV-A phototherapy. Translator's note: The English texts from this Spanish-language application have been translated for information purposes.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1924 "Ancho" => 2536 "Tamanyo" => 270927 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Percent agreement for paired human observers A–J and the MDi-Psoriasis application.</p> <p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The first row shows the percent agreement between the application and each of the psoriasis experts.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1538 "Ancho" => 2837 "Tamanyo" => 154525 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Frequency with which the experts and the MDi-Psoriasis application recommended each of the available treatments.</p> <p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ACI refers to acitretin; ADA, adalimumab; APR, apremilast, CIC, ciclosporin; ETN, etanercept; INF, infliximab; MTX, methotrexate; SEC, secukinumab; UST, ustekinumab.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1777 "Ancho" => 3003 "Tamanyo" => 248173 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Percent agreement between the experts and the MDi-Psoriasis application on each of the 10 cases. Pso refers to psoriasis; HBV, hepatitis B virus.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations: ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; BMI, body mass index; DLQI, Dermatology Quality of Life Index; FG, fibrinogen; HBV, hepatitis B virus; NB–UV-B, narrow-band UV-B phototherapy; PASI, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index; PUVA, psoralen plus UV-A phototherapy; TB, tuberculosis.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman, 28 y. Reports trying to become pregnant. Plaque psoriasis without arthritis (current PASI 8.50). Nail involvement makes office work difficult. Unresponsive to prior NB–UV-B phototherapy. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Man, 58 y. Plaque psoriasis (PASI 9). Severe scalp involvement (DLQI 14). Onset of peripheral arthritis 5 y ago. Unresponsive to prior treatment with corticosteroids. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (AST<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3, ALT<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2, AST/ALT<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1), moderate obesity (BMI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>36). Basal cell carcinoma operated 3 y ago. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Man, 45 y. Plaque psoriasis (PASI 15), no arthritis. Previous treatment with NB–UV-B, ciclosporin, and etanercept (poor response). Colon cancer operated 7 y ago. Patient and partner are trying to have a child. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Girl, 14 y. Guttate psoriasis, extensive, onset 2 months ago; scarce adherence to topical corticosteroid therapy. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman, 33 y. History of epilepsy. Pustular psoriasis affecting general health and function. Previous treatment with methotrexate for >5 y. Reports desire to become pregnant once the current flare-up is over. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Man, 65 y. Onset of psoriasis 25 y ago, previously treated with acitretin, PUVA, NB–UV-B, and methotrexate. Arthritis, with severe enthesitis. Currently in treatment with adalimumab, moderate response (PASI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50); intends to use a combination therapy. Slightly obese (BMI 31), hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia; excessive alcohol consumption (><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/d). \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman, 49 y. Plaque psoriasis in treatment with etanercept, poor response (currently PASI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9 after response; previously PASI 40). Arthritis, mainly axial. Previous treatment with methotrexate, ciclosporin, NB–UV-B, and infliximab with poor response. Moderate renal-prerenal insufficiency due to ciclosporin (FG 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL/min/1.73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>). Obese (BMI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>35). Breast cancer operated 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>y ago, currently in remission. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Man, 39 y. Erythrodermic psoriasis treated with ciclosporin during previous flare-ups. Hemodynamically and metabolically stable. Arthritis, mainly axial, significantly limits function. Currently diagnosed with multiple sclerosis for which he is not being treated. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Man, 74 y. Pustular psoriasis, localized HBV infection. Previous treatment with NB–UV-B for occasional episodes of plaques. Hand dactylitis. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman, 51 y. Plaque psoriasis, moderate to severe. Previous treatment with NB–UV-B, PUVA, ciclosporin, methotrexate, etanercept, and adalimumab with scarce response and/or toxicity. On oral antidiabetic medication for type 2 diabetes, latent tuberculosis infection under treatment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1501045.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical Cases Evaluated by the Psoriasis Experts and the MDi-Psoriasis Mobile Telephone Application.</p>" ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Which of the various treatments available for psoriasis seems most appropriate for this patient? \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Which of the various treatments available for psoriasis are possible candidates for use in this case even though they might not be the best choice? \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Which of the various treatments available for psoriasis seem inappropriate for the patient? \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">The experts were asked to select from the following therapies: narrow-band UV-B phototherapy, psoralen plus UV-A phototherapy, acitretin, methotrexate, ciclosporin, etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, ustekinumab, secukinumab, and apremilast. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Each available treatment had to be classified as appropriate, possible, or inappropriate in each case. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1501044.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Questions the Experts Answered About Each Case.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Prevalencia de la psoriasis en la era de los biológicos" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "C. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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| 2024 November | 13 | 14 | 27 |
| 2024 October | 84 | 42 | 126 |
| 2024 September | 89 | 26 | 115 |
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| 2024 April | 83 | 20 | 103 |
| 2024 March | 102 | 37 | 139 |
| 2024 February | 70 | 26 | 96 |
| 2024 January | 65 | 34 | 99 |
| 2023 December | 59 | 20 | 79 |
| 2023 November | 75 | 22 | 97 |
| 2023 October | 64 | 23 | 87 |
| 2023 September | 68 | 28 | 96 |
| 2023 August | 44 | 14 | 58 |
| 2023 July | 54 | 38 | 92 |
| 2023 June | 50 | 21 | 71 |
| 2023 May | 63 | 19 | 82 |
| 2023 April | 61 | 27 | 88 |
| 2023 March | 78 | 34 | 112 |
| 2023 February | 66 | 25 | 91 |
| 2023 January | 37 | 28 | 65 |
| 2022 December | 69 | 33 | 102 |
| 2022 November | 43 | 31 | 74 |
| 2022 October | 26 | 24 | 50 |
| 2022 September | 30 | 43 | 73 |
| 2022 August | 27 | 50 | 77 |
| 2022 July | 25 | 50 | 75 |
| 2022 June | 23 | 29 | 52 |
| 2022 May | 40 | 51 | 91 |
| 2022 April | 55 | 47 | 102 |
| 2022 March | 64 | 69 | 133 |
| 2022 February | 46 | 30 | 76 |
| 2022 January | 60 | 56 | 116 |
| 2021 December | 39 | 50 | 89 |
| 2021 November | 44 | 61 | 105 |
| 2021 October | 54 | 75 | 129 |
| 2021 September | 32 | 44 | 76 |
| 2021 August | 38 | 43 | 81 |
| 2021 July | 40 | 44 | 84 |
| 2021 June | 42 | 51 | 93 |
| 2021 May | 63 | 53 | 116 |
| 2021 April | 118 | 134 | 252 |
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| 2021 February | 77 | 38 | 115 |
| 2021 January | 61 | 40 | 101 |
| 2020 December | 56 | 36 | 92 |
| 2020 November | 48 | 27 | 75 |
| 2020 October | 37 | 13 | 50 |
| 2020 September | 73 | 24 | 97 |
| 2020 August | 40 | 25 | 65 |
| 2020 July | 44 | 29 | 73 |
| 2020 June | 33 | 29 | 62 |
| 2020 May | 22 | 34 | 56 |
| 2020 April | 43 | 15 | 58 |
| 2020 March | 23 | 13 | 36 |
| 2020 February | 9 | 0 | 9 |
| 2020 January | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 December | 8 | 0 | 8 |
| 2019 November | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2019 September | 8 | 0 | 8 |
| 2019 August | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 July | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 June | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| 2019 May | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 April | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2019 March | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2019 February | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2019 January | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2018 December | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2018 November | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2018 October | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2018 September | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2018 February | 18 | 5 | 23 |
| 2018 January | 31 | 6 | 37 |
| 2017 December | 42 | 10 | 52 |
| 2017 November | 43 | 6 | 49 |
| 2017 October | 32 | 13 | 45 |
| 2017 September | 137 | 24 | 161 |
| 2017 August | 40 | 28 | 68 |
| 2017 July | 7 | 11 | 18 |
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