Practical dermatology
Diagnosis and Treatment of Livedo Reticularis on the Legs
Livedo Reticularis de las Piernas: Metodología de Diagnóstico y Tratamiento
C. Herrero
, A. Guilabert, J.M. Mascaró-Galy
Corresponding author
cherrero@clinic.ub.es
Correspondence: Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic, C/ Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
Correspondence: Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic, C/ Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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"apellidos" => "Herrero" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "cherrero@clinic.ub.es" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>" "identificador" => "cor1" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Guilabert" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.M." "apellidos" => "Mascaró-Galy" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "entidad" => "Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor1" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Correspondence: Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic, C/ Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Livedo Reticularis de las Piernas: Metodología de Diagnóstico y Tratamiento" ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaAceptado" => "2008-02-02" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Key words" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec84283" "palabras" => array:7 [ 0 => "livedo reticularis" 1 => "retiform purpura" 2 => "livedo racemosa" 3 => "vasculitis" 4 => "cholesterol emboli" 5 => "calciphylaxis" 6 => "antiphospholipid antibodies" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec84284" "palabras" => array:7 [ 0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">livedo reticularis</span>" 1 => "púrpura retiforme" 2 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">livedo racemosa</span>" 3 => "vasculitis" 4 => "émbolos de colesterol" 5 => "calcifilaxia" 6 => "síndrome antifosfolípido" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The term livedo reticularis refers to a reddish-violet reticular discoloration of the skin that mainly affects the limbs. It is caused by an interruption of blood flow in the dermal arteries, either due to spasm, inflammation, or vascular obstruction, and is associated with diseases of varying etiology and severity. To establish the cause of livedo reticularis, it is essential to determine its course (chronic, acute, or fulminant), the presence of other cutaneous signs such as nodules, retiform purpura or necrosis, and the possible association of general symptoms or laboratory findings that suggest a particular systemic process. The aim of this review is to describe the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.</p>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El término <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">livedo reticularis</span> describe un retículo cutáneo de coloración rojo-violácea que afecta preferentemente a las extremidades. Su origen es la interrupción del flujo sanguíneo en las arteriolas dérmicas, ya sea por espasmo, inflamación u obstrucción intravascular, y se asocia a entidades de diversa etiología y gravedad. Para establecer la causa de una <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">livedo reticularis</span> es fundamental conocer la evolución del cuadro (si la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">livedo reticularis</span> es o bien crónica o bien aguda o fulminante), la presencia de otros signos cutáneos, como nódulos, púrpura retiforme o necrosis, y la posible asociación con síntomas generales y/o datos analíticos que apunten hacia un determinado proceso sistémico. El objetivo de esta revisión es proporcionar un método diagnóstico y terapéutico para el abordaje de la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">livedo reticularis</span>.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:35 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Histologic diagnosis of inflammatory skin diseases" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "A.B. Ackerman" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:5 [ "edicion" => "1st ed." "titulo" => "A method by pattern analysis" "fecha" => "1978" "editorial" => "Lea Febiger" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Philadelphia" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib2" "etiqueta" => "2." 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 12 | 42 | 54 |
| 2024 October | 140 | 164 | 304 |
| 2024 September | 127 | 123 | 250 |
| 2024 August | 144 | 181 | 325 |
| 2024 July | 129 | 150 | 279 |
| 2024 June | 126 | 153 | 279 |
| 2024 May | 124 | 136 | 260 |
| 2024 April | 117 | 145 | 262 |
| 2024 March | 118 | 125 | 243 |
| 2024 February | 117 | 123 | 240 |
| 2024 January | 93 | 151 | 244 |
| 2023 December | 102 | 138 | 240 |
| 2023 November | 96 | 141 | 237 |
| 2023 October | 71 | 135 | 206 |
| 2023 September | 52 | 201 | 253 |
| 2023 August | 30 | 93 | 123 |
| 2023 July | 56 | 200 | 256 |
| 2023 June | 57 | 165 | 222 |
| 2023 May | 64 | 196 | 260 |
| 2023 April | 58 | 127 | 185 |
| 2023 March | 48 | 197 | 245 |
| 2023 February | 33 | 80 | 113 |
| 2023 January | 27 | 68 | 95 |
| 2022 December | 30 | 64 | 94 |
| 2022 November | 15 | 33 | 48 |
| 2022 October | 13 | 19 | 32 |
| 2022 September | 15 | 38 | 53 |
| 2022 August | 17 | 48 | 65 |
| 2022 July | 10 | 22 | 32 |
| 2022 June | 22 | 37 | 59 |
| 2022 May | 135 | 260 | 395 |
| 2022 April | 182 | 307 | 489 |
| 2022 March | 154 | 275 | 429 |
| 2022 February | 100 | 216 | 316 |
| 2022 January | 64 | 203 | 267 |
| 2021 December | 42 | 175 | 217 |
| 2021 November | 47 | 142 | 189 |
| 2021 October | 62 | 202 | 264 |
| 2021 September | 58 | 101 | 159 |
| 2021 August | 60 | 143 | 203 |
| 2021 July | 66 | 122 | 188 |
| 2021 June | 66 | 166 | 232 |
| 2021 May | 44 | 184 | 228 |
| 2021 April | 78 | 340 | 418 |
| 2021 March | 86 | 157 | 243 |
| 2021 February | 88 | 123 | 211 |
| 2021 January | 55 | 114 | 169 |
| 2020 December | 32 | 77 | 109 |
| 2020 November | 40 | 126 | 166 |
| 2020 October | 37 | 105 | 142 |
| 2020 September | 44 | 117 | 161 |
| 2020 August | 25 | 99 | 124 |
| 2020 July | 30 | 65 | 95 |
| 2020 June | 38 | 82 | 120 |
| 2020 May | 41 | 62 | 103 |
| 2020 April | 33 | 87 | 120 |
| 2020 March | 36 | 106 | 142 |
| 2020 February | 4 | 127 | 131 |
| 2020 January | 1 | 104 | 105 |
| 2019 December | 4 | 80 | 84 |
| 2019 November | 0 | 66 | 66 |
| 2019 October | 0 | 153 | 153 |
| 2019 September | 0 | 147 | 147 |
| 2019 August | 3 | 197 | 200 |
| 2019 July | 0 | 202 | 202 |
| 2019 June | 0 | 234 | 234 |
| 2019 May | 2 | 378 | 380 |
| 2019 April | 0 | 296 | 296 |
| 2019 March | 6 | 458 | 464 |
| 2019 February | 3 | 287 | 290 |
| 2019 January | 2 | 163 | 165 |
| 2018 December | 3 | 106 | 109 |
| 2018 November | 10 | 19 | 29 |
| 2018 October | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2018 September | 1 | 97 | 98 |
| 2018 August | 0 | 255 | 255 |
| 2018 July | 0 | 140 | 140 |
| 2018 June | 0 | 157 | 157 |
| 2018 May | 0 | 223 | 223 |
| 2018 April | 0 | 197 | 197 |
| 2018 March | 1 | 283 | 284 |
| 2018 February | 29 | 485 | 514 |
| 2018 January | 23 | 1043 | 1066 |
| 2017 December | 22 | 575 | 597 |
| 2017 November | 24 | 399 | 423 |
| 2017 October | 18 | 403 | 421 |
| 2017 September | 27 | 456 | 483 |
| 2017 August | 48 | 330 | 378 |
| 2017 July | 34 | 418 | 452 |
| 2017 June | 61 | 489 | 550 |
| 2017 May | 55 | 603 | 658 |
| 2017 April | 46 | 552 | 598 |
| 2017 March | 33 | 688 | 721 |
| 2017 February | 37 | 799 | 836 |
| 2017 January | 18 | 466 | 484 |
| 2016 December | 36 | 423 | 459 |
| 2016 November | 39 | 561 | 600 |
| 2016 October | 40 | 603 | 643 |
| 2016 September | 109 | 595 | 704 |
| 2016 August | 320 | 993 | 1313 |
| 2016 July | 137 | 588 | 725 |
| 2016 June | 14 | 197 | 211 |
| 2016 May | 8 | 186 | 194 |
| 2016 April | 8 | 3 | 11 |
| 2016 March | 11 | 4 | 15 |
| 2016 February | 5 | 203 | 208 |
| 2016 January | 13 | 130 | 143 |
| 2015 December | 10 | 79 | 89 |
| 2015 November | 10 | 1 | 11 |
| 2015 October | 10 | 81 | 91 |
| 2015 September | 9 | 51 | 60 |
| 2015 August | 16 | 15 | 31 |
| 2015 July | 51 | 904 | 955 |
| 2015 June | 49 | 1080 | 1129 |
| 2015 May | 93 | 1190 | 1283 |
| 2015 April | 71 | 1768 | 1839 |
| 2015 March | 61 | 1863 | 1924 |
| 2015 February | 47 | 1449 | 1496 |
| 2015 January | 57 | 1234 | 1291 |
| 2014 December | 48 | 924 | 972 |
| 2014 November | 48 | 833 | 881 |
| 2014 October | 59 | 742 | 801 |
| 2014 September | 50 | 605 | 655 |
| 2014 August | 53 | 185 | 238 |
| 2014 July | 60 | 119 | 179 |
| 2014 June | 58 | 42 | 100 |
| 2014 May | 70 | 49 | 119 |
| 2014 April | 60 | 30 | 90 |
| 2014 March | 54 | 737 | 791 |
| 2014 February | 27 | 644 | 671 |
| 2014 January | 55 | 604 | 659 |
| 2013 December | 46 | 338 | 384 |
| 2013 November | 41 | 305 | 346 |
| 2013 October | 43 | 326 | 369 |
| 2013 September | 33 | 417 | 450 |
| 2013 August | 37 | 1041 | 1078 |
| 2013 July | 59 | 1789 | 1848 |
| 2013 June | 34 | 1111 | 1145 |
| 2013 May | 42 | 314 | 356 |
| 2013 April | 33 | 198 | 231 |
| 2013 March | 33 | 95 | 128 |
| 2013 February | 41 | 39 | 80 |
| 2013 January | 19 | 18 | 37 |
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