Cases for Diagnosis
Genital Ulcers of Torpid Evolution
Úlceras genitales de tórpida evolución
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"apellidos" => "Colmenero" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "sendracolmenero@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "J.B." "apellidos" => "Repiso-Jiménez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M.D." "apellidos" => "Bautista de Ojeda" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Costa del Sol, Marbella, Málaga, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Costa del Sol, Marbella, Málaga, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Úlceras genitales de tórpida evolución" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 481 "Ancho" => 750 "Tamanyo" => 41782 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ulcer with poorly defined, violaceous edges and a fibrinoid base on the leg anterior region.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Case report</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 53-year-old man with a 15-year history of poorly controlled rheumatoid arthritis was undergoing treatment in general surgery for a 2-month-old ulcer of torpid course on his left leg developed after trauma (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig. 1</a>). The patient was referred to the Dermatology Unit following the appearance of new ulcers in the genital area. Upon examination, a necrotic plaque was observed on the glans and foreskin with edematous penile shaft (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig. 2</a>a). In the groin, large, soft, and movable lymphadenopathies were palpated. The empirical diagnosis of primary syphilis was followed by the intramuscular injection of 2,400,000 IU of penicillin. Additionally, a blood sample was drawn for a complete blood count including serology for HIV, hepatotropic viruses, and syphilis. In urology, a circumcision was performed to remove the necrotic eschar, adding prednisone 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h. However, the patient returned to the hospital 1 week later with suture dehiscence and increased necrosis size (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig. 2</a>b). The serology test was negative, and the blood count showed leukopenia (1200/μL), neutropenia (150/μL), and anemia (hemoglobin 11.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dL). The histopathological examination of the surgical specimen revealed the presence of ulceration, chronic inflammation, vasculitis with thrombosis, and ischemic necrosis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">fig. 3</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No spirochetes were identified with immunohistochemistry, nor mycobacteria with Ziehl-Neelsen, and PCR for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis)</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Neisseria gonorrhoeae</span> in tissue tested negative.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">What is your diagnosis?</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Diagnosis</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Genital pyoderma gangrenosum.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Comments</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient returned for a follow-up visit with worsening of his left leg ulcer, whose biopsy also turned out to be consistent with pyoderma gangrenosum. This diagnosis was followed by the infiltration of 40mg of triamcinolone acetonide on both lesions and oral cyclosporine A (3.5mg/kg), leading to the complete resolution of the lesions within 2 months (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig. 2</a>c). The patient remains stable on 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/day of oral cyclosporine and deflazacort 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/day. During follow-up in internal medicine, the abdominal ultrasound revealed the presence of splenomegaly. After ruling out hematological disease as responsible for the neutropenia and considering the patient's rheumatoid arthritis, he was diagnosed with Felty's syndrome. The patient is currently awaiting evaluation to start anti-TNF treatment for disease control.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pyoderma gangrenosum is a non-infectious neutrophilic inflammatory dermatosis clinically characterized by the appearance of erythematous nodules or pustules that progress to ulcers.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Approximately 50% of patients have an associated systemic disease, with rheumatoid arthritis being one of the most common ones, especially in aggressive forms of the disease, as in our patient who had accompanying Felty's syndrome.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> This syndrome is a severe form of rheumatoid arthritis characterized by the simultaneous occurrence of splenomegaly and neutropenia. Pyoderma gangrenosum does not have a specific histological pattern, but a mixed dermal infiltrate along with ulceration, epidermal necrosis, and edema<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> in the absence of other detectable infectious agents. Leukocytoclastic or lymphocytic vasculitis phenomena are a common finding. The treatment of choice is corticosteroids and cyclosporine A. Other therapeutic alternatives include mycophenolate mofetil, infliximab, and IV immunoglobulins.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lesions of pyoderma gangrenosum are often found on the lower extremities, with genital involvement being an exceptionally rare finding,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> as it can be mistaken for Fournier's gangrene. In this entity, debridement is the treatment of choice to prevent progression.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Conversely, aggressive surgical measures to treat pyoderma, such as circumcision—as in our case—are contraindicated as they tend to worsen the lesions.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When pyoderma is found in the oral or genital region, differential diagnosis with ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases is mandatory.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Syphilis is characterized by a single painless ulcer. Chancroid (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Haemophilus ducreyi</span>) causes painful ulcers and suppurative inguinal lymphadenopathies. Lymphogranuloma venereum (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. trachomatis</span>) obstructs lymphatic flow, causing chronic genital tissue edema and accompanying lymphadenopathy. The diagnosis of these entities can be confirmed through specific serological tests and PCR.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The dermatologist's intervention is of paramount importance in the diagnosis of ano-genital disease, as seen in this case of atypical location pyoderma gangrenosum. A thorough patient's history and complete skin examination are essential to achieve diagnosis. Our participation is key to avoid aggressive surgical measures, which can condition the patient's progression and final prognosis.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Case report" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Diagnosis" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Comments" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 4 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 481 "Ancho" => 750 "Tamanyo" => 41782 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ulcer with poorly defined, violaceous edges and a fibrinoid base on the leg anterior region.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 638 "Ancho" => 950 "Tamanyo" => 69818 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">a) Necrotic plaque on the foreskin and edematous penile shaft.</p> <p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">b) Penile shaft with surgical wound dehiscence and increased necrosis.</p> <p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">c) Penile shaft with reduced edema, and resolution of both dehiscence and necrosis.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 329 "Ancho" => 950 "Tamanyo" => 140971 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">a) Hematoxylin-eosin x10. Epidermal necrosis and dense chronic inflammation.</p> <p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">b) Hematoxylin-eosin x20. Vasculitis with thrombosis.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Pyoderma gangrenosum in the genital area: successful treatment using adalimumab" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "F. Bardazzi" 1 => "M. Magnano" 2 => "V. Tengattini" 3 => "C. Loi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1684/ejd.2018.3224" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Dermatol." 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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| 2024 November | 25 | 9 | 34 |
| 2024 October | 217 | 62 | 279 |
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| 2024 July | 165 | 109 | 274 |
