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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Glanzmann thrombasthenia &#40;GT&#41; is one of many conditions that can cause purpura in childhood&#44; but it is rarely evaluated by dermatologists in its early phases&#46; We describe the case of an infant in whom bruising and facial eczema were key to the early diagnosis of this platelet disorder&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 2-month-old atopic girl&#44; the first-born daughter of healthy consanguineous parents of Moroccan origin&#44; was evaluated at our dermatology department for purple macules on the right thigh of 2 days&#8217; duration &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The parents attributed the spots to minor trauma and mentioned similar lesions at birth&#46; Physical examination showed eczema on the face and in the retroauricular region&#46; Soft tissue ultrasound of the leg ruled out a venous malformation&#46; Platelet count&#44; international normalized ratio&#44; prothrombin time&#44; and a peripheral blood smear were all normal&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histologic examination showed extravasation of red blood cells&#46; Tumors and vascular malformations were ruled out&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The infant was brought in again a month later for evaluation of bleeding within the eczema patches &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41; and bruising in pressure-bearing areas &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; Additional blood tests were ordered&#46; Abnormal platelet aggregation was observed for all agonists except ristocetin&#44; and the cells were negative for CD61 &#40;integrin <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iii</span>b&#41;&#46; Molecular analysis detected previously undescribed mutations in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ITGB3</span> gene&#46; A diagnosis of GT was established and genetic counseling was provided to the parents&#44; who have another daughter with the same condition and an asymptomatic son awaiting genetic tests&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">GT is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder that presents with bleeding manifestations secondary to impaired platelet aggregation due to quantitative or qualitative defects in the fibrinogen receptor &#945;IIb&#945;3 integrin &#40;glycoprotein IIb&#47;IIIa&#41; in the platelet membrane&#46; The estimated prevalence of GT is 1 case per 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000 inhabitants&#44; but rates are much higher in areas where consanguinity is common&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;5</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Because platelet count and size and coagulation times are normal&#44; additional tests are needed&#46; Platelet aggregation tests show abnormal responses to all agonists except ristocetin&#46; A PFA-100 value of more than 300 in platelet function analyzer tests has a high negative predictive value for GT&#46; Mutations producing very similar phenotypes have been identified in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ITGA2B</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ITGB3</span> genes&#44; both located on chromosome 17&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;6</span></a> GT can present with milder symptoms and may not appear until adolescence or adulthood in cases of low penetrance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;5&#44;7</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">GT usually manifests before the second year of life&#44; but a diagnosis is not normally made until around 7 years of age&#46; The most common presenting sign in children is bruising caused by minor trauma&#44; but other signs are epistaxis&#44; purpura&#44; and bleeding&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The differential diagnosis for skin lesions should include thrombocytopenic purpura &#40;triggered by drugs&#44; immune system disorders&#44; infections&#44; or hematologic malignancies&#41;&#44; diseases secondary to qualitative platelet disorders &#40;von Willebrand disease&#44; Bernard-Soulier or Ch&#233;diak-Higashi&#41;&#44; and vasculitides that can present with purpura &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; IgA purpura&#41;&#46; Trauma and potential abuse should also be contemplated&#46; Given the tendency of eczema patches to bleed&#44; Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome&#44; an immunodeficiency disorder that causes thrombocytopenia and skin lesions similar to those seen in atopic dermatitis&#44; should also be ruled out&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;8&#44;9</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with GT normally only require prophylactic treatment before surgical procedures with a high bleeding risk&#46; Options include platelet transfusions&#44; antifibrinolytic agents&#44; and local hemostatic agents&#46; Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be needed in some cases&#46; Platelet transfusion can lose its effect as it frequently induces antibodies against &#945;IIb&#946;3 integrin and&#47;or HLA&#46; Recombinant activated factor <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">vii</span> has been proposed for the treatment and prevention of bleeding in GT as well as for the prevention of alloimmunization and treatment of platelet refractoriness&#46; Education in dental hygiene and bleeding management is important&#46; Women with GT should be provided with genetic counseling and given the option of prenatal diagnosis when both parents are carriers&#46; They should also be warned about the risk of bleeding in childbirth&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;10</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is little mention of GT in the dermatology literature&#44; probably due to the nonspecific nature of its skin manifestations&#46; It is important to be familiar with this condition and to consider it in the differential diagnosis of purpura in pediatric patients&#44; as this is the most common presenting manifestation and could help reach an early diagnosis&#46; Bleeding of eczema patches was key to diagnosis in our patient&#46; This sign might be a useful marker for identifying patients with an underlying platelet disorder&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Case and Research Letter
Importance of Skin Lesions in the Early Diagnosis of Glanzmann Trombasthenia: A Case Report
La importancia de las lesiones cutáneas en el diagnóstico precoz de la tromboastenia de Glanzmann: descripción de un caso
A. Llull-Ramos
Corresponding author
anallullramos@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, A. Giacaman, J. Boix-Vilanova, A. Martín-Santiago
Servicio de Dermatología. Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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    "titulo" => " Importance of Skin Lesions in the Early Diagnosis of Glanzmann Trombasthenia&#58; A Case Report"
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        "titulo" => "La importancia de las lesiones cut&#225;neas en el diagn&#243;stico precoz de la tromboastenia de Glanzmann&#58; descripci&#243;n de un caso"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Glanzmann thrombasthenia &#40;GT&#41; is one of many conditions that can cause purpura in childhood&#44; but it is rarely evaluated by dermatologists in its early phases&#46; We describe the case of an infant in whom bruising and facial eczema were key to the early diagnosis of this platelet disorder&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 2-month-old atopic girl&#44; the first-born daughter of healthy consanguineous parents of Moroccan origin&#44; was evaluated at our dermatology department for purple macules on the right thigh of 2 days&#8217; duration &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The parents attributed the spots to minor trauma and mentioned similar lesions at birth&#46; Physical examination showed eczema on the face and in the retroauricular region&#46; Soft tissue ultrasound of the leg ruled out a venous malformation&#46; Platelet count&#44; international normalized ratio&#44; prothrombin time&#44; and a peripheral blood smear were all normal&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histologic examination showed extravasation of red blood cells&#46; Tumors and vascular malformations were ruled out&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The infant was brought in again a month later for evaluation of bleeding within the eczema patches &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41; and bruising in pressure-bearing areas &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; Additional blood tests were ordered&#46; Abnormal platelet aggregation was observed for all agonists except ristocetin&#44; and the cells were negative for CD61 &#40;integrin <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iii</span>b&#41;&#46; Molecular analysis detected previously undescribed mutations in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ITGB3</span> gene&#46; A diagnosis of GT was established and genetic counseling was provided to the parents&#44; who have another daughter with the same condition and an asymptomatic son awaiting genetic tests&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">GT is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder that presents with bleeding manifestations secondary to impaired platelet aggregation due to quantitative or qualitative defects in the fibrinogen receptor &#945;IIb&#945;3 integrin &#40;glycoprotein IIb&#47;IIIa&#41; in the platelet membrane&#46; The estimated prevalence of GT is 1 case per 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000 inhabitants&#44; but rates are much higher in areas where consanguinity is common&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;5</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Because platelet count and size and coagulation times are normal&#44; additional tests are needed&#46; Platelet aggregation tests show abnormal responses to all agonists except ristocetin&#46; A PFA-100 value of more than 300 in platelet function analyzer tests has a high negative predictive value for GT&#46; Mutations producing very similar phenotypes have been identified in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ITGA2B</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ITGB3</span> genes&#44; both located on chromosome 17&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;6</span></a> GT can present with milder symptoms and may not appear until adolescence or adulthood in cases of low penetrance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;5&#44;7</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">GT usually manifests before the second year of life&#44; but a diagnosis is not normally made until around 7 years of age&#46; The most common presenting sign in children is bruising caused by minor trauma&#44; but other signs are epistaxis&#44; purpura&#44; and bleeding&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The differential diagnosis for skin lesions should include thrombocytopenic purpura &#40;triggered by drugs&#44; immune system disorders&#44; infections&#44; or hematologic malignancies&#41;&#44; diseases secondary to qualitative platelet disorders &#40;von Willebrand disease&#44; Bernard-Soulier or Ch&#233;diak-Higashi&#41;&#44; and vasculitides that can present with purpura &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; IgA purpura&#41;&#46; Trauma and potential abuse should also be contemplated&#46; Given the tendency of eczema patches to bleed&#44; Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome&#44; an immunodeficiency disorder that causes thrombocytopenia and skin lesions similar to those seen in atopic dermatitis&#44; should also be ruled out&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;8&#44;9</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with GT normally only require prophylactic treatment before surgical procedures with a high bleeding risk&#46; Options include platelet transfusions&#44; antifibrinolytic agents&#44; and local hemostatic agents&#46; Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be needed in some cases&#46; Platelet transfusion can lose its effect as it frequently induces antibodies against &#945;IIb&#946;3 integrin and&#47;or HLA&#46; Recombinant activated factor <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">vii</span> has been proposed for the treatment and prevention of bleeding in GT as well as for the prevention of alloimmunization and treatment of platelet refractoriness&#46; Education in dental hygiene and bleeding management is important&#46; Women with GT should be provided with genetic counseling and given the option of prenatal diagnosis when both parents are carriers&#46; They should also be warned about the risk of bleeding in childbirth&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;10</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is little mention of GT in the dermatology literature&#44; probably due to the nonspecific nature of its skin manifestations&#46; It is important to be familiar with this condition and to consider it in the differential diagnosis of purpura in pediatric patients&#44; as this is the most common presenting manifestation and could help reach an early diagnosis&#46; Bleeding of eczema patches was key to diagnosis in our patient&#46; This sign might be a useful marker for identifying patients with an underlying platelet disorder&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Article information
ISSN: 00017310
Original language: English
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Idiomas
Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas
es en

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