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RF—Procalcitonin: An extremely useful biomarker in dermatology
FR—Procalcitonina: una prueba complementaria extraordinariamente útil en dermatología
I. Marti-Marti, D. Rizo-Potau, D. Morgado-Carrasco
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Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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"apellidos" => "Marti-Marti" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "D." "apellidos" => "Rizo-Potau" ] 2 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "D." "apellidos" => "Morgado-Carrasco" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "morgadodaniel8@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "FR—Procalcitonina: una prueba complementaria extraordinariamente útil en dermatología" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Early diagnosis of a severe infection in a patient with inflammatory dermatosis and systemic symptoms may pose a challenge for dermatologists. Some clinical and analytical signs and symptoms, such as fever, leukocytosis, or raised levels of acute-phase reactants such as C-reactive protein (CRP) are sometimes not useful, as they are often secondary to the associated inflammation. Unfortunately, bacterial cultures are slow and of variable sensitivity. Identifying the presence of an infection is essential, as inflammatory dermatosis will require immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory treatment and the bacterial infection will require antibiotic treatment. Could procalcitonin (PCT) be a solution?</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PCT is a precursor protein of calcitonin that is secreted by thyroid C cells. It has no hormonal activity and reaches levels in blood of less than 0.005<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/L in healthy individuals.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–3</span></a> In a bacterial infection, multiple proinflammatory cytokines are released, including tumor necrosis factor α and interleukins 6 and 8, which stimulate production of PCT in different tissues, increasing levels in serum.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–3</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In recent decades, many studies have supported the value of PCT in diagnosing bacterial infections.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Its utility in some dermatologic processes has recently been reported (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). Koh et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> performed a retrospective study of the predictive factors of sepsis in 176 patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). Hypothermia and PCT of 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/L or higher were the only 2 predictive markers for bacteremia. In a retrospective study of 42 patients with SJS, Wang et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> showed that levels of PCT were higher in subjects with a systemic bacterial infection than in subjects with a cutaneous infection or with no infection. Those authors determined that PCT levels in excess of 0.65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/L identified a bacterial infection with a sensitivity of 84.6% and a specificity of 89.7%. Yeo et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> also performed a retrospective evaluation of the predictive value of PCT as a marker of severe bacterial infection in 41 patients with neutrophilic dermatosis and systemic symptoms (Sweet syndrome, pustular psoriasis, and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis). The optimum cutoff was established at 1.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/L, with a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 79.4%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a positive predictive value of 50%. In a retrospective study of 64 individuals with generalized pustular psoriasis, Wang et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> determined that a PCT of greater than 1.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/L was able to identify a bacterial infection with a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 100%. In everyday clinical practice, most laboratories consider a PCT of greater than 0.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/L to be abnormal, as it is associated with high sensitivity and a high negative predictive value. This means that a PCT of less than 0.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/L practically rules out sepsis or severe systemic bacterial infection. The optimum discriminatory level of PCT in inflammatory dermatosis may be higher, as discussed above.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Identifying a bacterial infection in patients with inflammatory dermatosis is important and difficult. Determining PCT may be extraordinarily useful. The optimum discriminatory value for PCT varies depending on the dermatosis and ranges between 0.5 and 1.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/L.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1518656" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Procalcitonin" 1 => "Bacterial infections" 2 => "Inflammatory dermatoses" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abbreviations</span>: AGEP indicates acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis; IL-6, interleukin 6; IL-8, interleukin 8; NPV, negative predictive value; PP, psoriasis pustulosa; SE, sensitivity; SJS-TEN, Stevens Johnson syndrome-toxic epidermal necrolysis; SP, specificity; SS, Sweet syndrome; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alfa.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Characteristics \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Precursor protein of calcitonin, with no hormonal activity, secreted by thyroid C cells<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–3</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mechanism of production in bacterial infection \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8) stimulate production in different tissues<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–3</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Principal utility \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ruling out bacterial infection (high NPV<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Optimum cutoff points in dermatologic pathology \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SJS-TEN: 0.65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/L (SE, 84.6%; SP, 89.7%)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>Neutrophilic dermatoses (SS, PP, AGEP): 1.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/L (SE, 100%; SP, 79.4%)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>PP: 1.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/L (SE, 75%; SP, 100%)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2917554.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Given its high NPV, a PCT below the cutoff value practically rules out sepsis or severe systemic bacterial infection.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Characteristics of procalcitonin and its potential use in dermatology.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Procalcitonin as a diagnostic indicator for systemic bacterial infections in patients with Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "Q. 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Oh" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Am Acad Dermatol" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "81" "paginaInicial" => "686" "paginaFinal" => "693" ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein in the evaluation of bacterial infection in generalized pustular psoriasis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "S. Wang" 1 => "Z. Xie" 2 => "Z. Shen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.abd.2019.09.022" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "An Bras Dermatol" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "94" "paginaInicial" => "542" "paginaFinal" => "548" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31777354" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/00017310/0000011300000004/v1_202205250546/S000173102200206X/v1_202205250546/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "93537" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Foro de Residentes / Resident's Forum" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/00017310/0000011300000004/v1_202205250546/S000173102200206X/v1_202205250546/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA000044&text.app=https://actasdermo.org/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S000173102200206X?idApp=UINPBA000044" ]
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