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Dermoscopy as an Auxiliary Tool in the Assessment of Malassezia Folliculitis: An Observational Study
Dermatoscopia como herramienta auxiliar en la evaluación de foliculitis por Malassezia: estudio observacional
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Jakhar, V. Bhatia, R.K. Gupta, I. Kaur" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "D." "apellidos" => "Jakhar" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "dr.deepakjakhar@yahoo.in" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "V." "apellidos" => "Bhatia" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "R.K." "apellidos" => "Gupta" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "I." "apellidos" => "Kaur" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Dermatology, NDMC Medical College & Hindu Rao Hospital, New Delhi, India" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Microbiology, NDMC Medical College & Hindu Rao Hospital, New Delhi, India" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Dermatoscopia como herramienta auxiliar en la evaluación de foliculitis por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span>: estudio observacional" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1464 "Ancho" => 901 "Tamanyo" => 164809 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">a) Folliculocentric lesion with surrounding erythem (red arrow), tortuous vessel (blue arrow) and hypopigmentation of the proximal hair shaft (black arrow); b) broken hairs (blue arrow) and hypopigmentation of proximal hair shaft. [Dinolite AM4115ZT; 150X; polarizing].</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Malassezia (Pityrosporum) folliculitis presents as monomorphic papule and pustules on the upper back, chest, shoulders and face in adolescents.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> It results from the overgrowth of Malassezia yeast present in the normal cutaneous flora. Malassezia folliculitis is usually associated with acne and can persist as monomorphic papules and pustules after complete resolution of acne with typical acne medications. Eruptions may also be associated with immunosuppression and antibiotic use.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Diagnosis is based on clinical and microbiological examination.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–3</span></a> Dermoscopy can serve as an auxiliary tool in the initial assessment of Malassezia folliculitis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In this observational study, we describe the dermoscopic features of this common and probably under-reported entity.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Report</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This observational study was conducted at a tertiary care centre, North Delhi Municipal Corporation Medical College & Hindu Rao Hospital, at New Delhi, India in the department of Dermatology; and Microbiology for duration of 6 months. Based on clinical examination, 69 consecutive patients were suspected for having Malassezia folliculitis. All patients underwent 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) mount examination to detect the presence of hyphae and spores, which generally exhibit the characteristic appearance of “Spaghetti and Meatballs”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,6</span></a> A total of 45 patients out of 69 patients were found to have a positive KOH mount and were included in the study. Patients with negative KOH examination and history of anti fungal medication in past 6 weeks were excluded from the study. Dermoscopy was performed with a universal serial bus (USB) dermatoscope [Dinolite AM413ZT; 50-200X; Polarising]. Dermoscopy was done at 50× and 200× magnification. Based on previous available literature, following dermoscopic parameters were evaluated: folliculocentricity of the lesions, perilesional background erythema, dotted/linear/tortous vessels, dirty white scaling, hypo pigmentation of hair follicle, coiled/looped hairs and any other additional feature.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean age of the patients was 15.7+/-4.3 years with a male to female ratio of 1:0.8. All patients presented with monomorphic papule and pustules [<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>]. Pruritus was complaint by 29 patients (64.4%). Upper trunk was the most common site of involvement (88.9%) followed by shoulders and arms (68.9%) and face (15.5%). Seborrheic dermatitis and pityriasis versicolor was concurrently seen in 22.2% and 17.8% patients, respectively. Overall, 39 patients gave history of acne vulgaris and/or anti-acne medication. Out of these 39 patients, 21 had active acne at the time of examination. Oral antibiotics were received by 32 patients at some time during their treatment for acne.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermoscopy reveled folliculocentricity of the lesion in all cases (100%) with perilesional background erythema (100%) [<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>]. There was a mix pattern of the morphology of vessels in and around the lesions. Dotted/linear/tortous vessels were seen in 88.9% of the lesions observed under dermatoscope. Dirty white scaling (lesional and perilesional) was noted in 77.8% of the lesions. Involvement of the hair shaft was noted as hypo pigmentation of proximal or complete hair shaft in 64.4% patients and 57.8% patients also showed coiled to looped hairs (keratosis pilaris like features). Broken Hairs were seen in 13.3 % of the patients.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Discussion</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Malassezia (Pityrosporum) folliculitis (MF), an acneiform eruption, was first described by Weary et al in 1969 and recognized by Potter in 1973 as a specific disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> It is often misdiagnosed as acne vulgaris, making it easy to miss and thus is likely an under-diagnosed entity. MF is a benign disorder that results from an overgrowth of the Malassezia yeast present in the normal cutaneous flora, secondary to occlusion of the follicle or disturbance of normal cutaneous flora.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,8</span></a> As it thrives on the lipid composition of sebum, this yeast is primarily found in the infundibulum of the sebaceous glands. It uses its own enzymes like lipases and phospholipases to cause hydrolyisis of triglycerides from sebum into free fatty acids for their own nutritive lipid source, thus leading to growth and proliferation.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span> The complex interaction of a unicellular eukaryotic organism (Malassezia) with a multicellular organism’s tissue (skin) makes understanding of the interactions and development of disease a compound process.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Malassezia folliculitis often appears in the upper trunk, i.e., shoulders, back, and chest, and occlusion is a common predisposing factor with pruritus as a frequent symptom.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The condition is also associated with immunosuppression; however, in these patients, it may appear with less distinct pruritus.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Diagnosis is done by Wood's lamp examination, confirmed mycologically by using 10% KOH, cultivation on Sabouraud's dextrose agar and modified Dixon agar. Performing lactophenol cotton blue mount can do speciation.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span> Other tests include urease test, catalase test, esculin hydrolysis, temperature tolerance test and utilization of Tween 20, 40, 60 and 80.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> In our study, diagnosis was confirmed by 10% KOH examination.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermoscopy has become a valuable tool in the diagnosis of a number of dermatoses. There is increasing literature regarding its utility in the diagnosis of Malassezia and dermatophytic infections.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,9</span></a> Folliculocentricity of the lesions and surrounding erythema has been described as a uniform feature in Malassezia folliculitis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In addition, in this study dermoscopy revealed various vascular structures in the form of dotted, linear and tortuous vessels. Individual lesion showed more than one morphology of vessel (dotted/linear/tortuous) in the erythematous background. The pattern of the morphology and arrangement of vessels was non-uniform and non-specific. Lesional and peri-lesional dirty white scaling again showed no specific arrangement and pattern. Infection of the hair follicle by the Malassezia has been suggested in the pathogenesis of Malassezia folliculitis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Hypopigmentation of the proximal hair shaft has been proposed as the dermoscopic counterpart of the same.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span> Our study also showed this dermoscopic feature in a considerable number (64.4%) of patients. The coiled or looped hairs on dermoscopy possibly depicts weakening of the hair shaft due the invasion of the hair follicle by Malassezia thus leading to the coiling of the hair shaft. Broken hairs, again, depicts the invasion of hair shaft by Malassezia. Broken hairs are mentioned as a dermoscopic feature of tinea capitis and this is the first report of their presence in Malassezia infection. Comedones, which are a feature of acne vulgaris, were not seen in our study.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Differential diagnosis for Malasezzia folliculitis includes acne vulgaris, bacterial folliculitis and pseudofolliculitis. Dermoscopy of acne vulgaris shows comedone as brown-yellow hard central plug; inflammatory acne as round structured lesions with white centre, thin brown borders and erythematous periphery; and pustular acne as dull white-yellow lesions with erythematous periphery.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Dermoscopy of bacterial folliculitis shows non-specific features like central round pustule with peripheral sparse dotted vessels.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Dermoscopy of pseudofolliculitis shows an ingrown hair and surrounding erythema.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To conclude, dermoscopy shows peculiar features in Malassezia folliculitis. Presence of these features on dermosocpy should prompt a dermatologist to consider antifungal treatment with or without anti-acne treatment for complete resolution of lesions.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1665607" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1479688" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1665608" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1479689" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Report" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 7 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2020-04-08" "fechaAceptado" => "2020-05-14" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1479688" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span>" 1 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> folliculitis" 2 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pityrosporum</span> folliculitis" 3 => "Acne vulgaris" 4 => "Dermoscopy" 5 => "Dermatoscopy" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1479689" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span>" 1 => "Foliculitis por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span>" 2 => "Foliculitis por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pityrosporum</span>" 3 => "Acné vulgar" 4 => "Dermatoscopia" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> folliculitis is an under-recognizedentity commonly affecting the face and upper trunk. Clinical picture mimics acne vulgaris and diagnosis is challenging at times. 10% potassium hydroxide examination is usually performed to confirm the diagnosis. This study sought to describe the dermoscopic features in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> folliculitis. Patients diagnosed clinically with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> folliculitis and confirmed by 10% potassium hydroxide preparation were included in the study. Dermoscopy was performed with a videodermatoscope [Dinolite AM413ZT; Polarising] from the most representative lesion. A total of 45 patients (M:F = 1:0.8 ) were recruited. All patients had monomorphic papulo-pustular lesions. Itching was present in 64.4% patients. Dermoscopy reveled folliculocentricity (100%), perilesional background erythema (100%), dotted/linear/tortous vessels (88.9%), dirty white scaling (77.8%), hypo pigmentation of hair follicle (64.4%), coiled/looped hairs (57.8%) and broken hairs (13.3%).</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, dermoscopy shows typical features in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> folliculitis and can serve as a office based tool for identification of this entity.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La foliculitis por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> es una entidad que no está debidamente reconocida y que afecta normalmente a la cara y tronco superior. El cuadro clínico remeda el acné vulgar, siendo a veces difícil su diagnóstico. Normalmente se realiza un examen con hidróxido de potasio al 10% para confirmar el mismo. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las características dermatoscópicas de la foliculitis por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span>, incluyéndose en el mismo a los pacientes diagnosticados clínicamente y confirmados mediante aplicación de hidróxido de potasio al 10%. La dermatoscopia fue realizada con un videodermatoscopio [Dinolite AM413ZT; Polarising] en la lesión más representativa. Se incluyó a un total de 45 pacientes (V:M = 1:0.8). Todos los pacientes tenían lesiones monomórficas papulopustulosas. El 64% de los pacientes presentó prurito. La dermatoscopia reveló foliculocentricidad (100%), eritema circundante perilesional (100%), vasos punteados/lineales/tortuosos (88,9%), escamas de color gris parduzco (77,8%), hipopigmentación del folículo piloso (64,4%), pelos en espiral/enrollados (57,8%) y rotura del pelo (13,3%).</p><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En conclusión, la dermatoscopia muestra las características típicas de la foliculitis por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span>, pudiendo servir de ayuda en consulta como herramienta para la identificación de esta entidad.</p></span>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1001 "Ancho" => 751 "Tamanyo" => 114780 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Monomorphic follicular papules in a case of Malassezia folliculitis.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1464 "Ancho" => 901 "Tamanyo" => 164809 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">a) Folliculocentric lesion with surrounding erythem (red arrow), tortuous vessel (blue arrow) and hypopigmentation of the proximal hair shaft (black arrow); b) broken hairs (blue arrow) and hypopigmentation of proximal hair shaft. [Dinolite AM4115ZT; 150X; polarizing].</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Malassezia (pityrosporum) folliculitis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "R.M. Rubenstein" 1 => "S.A. 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Ilkit" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.jaad.2019.03.054" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Am Acad Dermatol" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "81" "paginaInicial" => "463" "paginaFinal" => "471" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30914342" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/00017310/0000011300000001/v2_202202160543/S0001731022000151/v2_202202160543/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "92861" "tipo" => "SECCION" "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Comunicaciones Breves / Brief Comunication" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/00017310/0000011300000001/v2_202202160543/S0001731022000151/v2_202202160543/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA000044&text.app=https://actasdermo.org/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0001731022000151?idApp=UINPBA000044" ]
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