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Vol. 101. Issue 1.
Pages 59-75 (January - February 2010)
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Vol. 101. Issue 1.
Pages 59-75 (January - February 2010)
Original article
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Epidemiology of Contact Dermatitis: Prevalence of Sensitization to Different Allergens and Associated Factors
Epidemiología de la dermatitis de contacto: prevalencia de sensibilización a diferentes alérgenos y factores asociados
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Ma.T. Bordel-Gómeza,
Corresponding author
maitebordel@aedv.es

Corresponding author.
, A. Miranda-Romerob, J. Castrodeza-Sanzc
a Servicio de Dermatología, Complejo Asistencial de Zamora, Zamora, Spain
b Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
c Servicio de Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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Abstract
Background

In clinical practice, contact dermatitis is a relatively common skin complaint, whose prevalence has increased in recent years. Study by patch testing is essential for diagnosis of contact sensitization.

Objectives

To study the prevalence of sensitization to different allergens in a standard battery and observe the influence of different epidemiological and clinical variables on contact sensitization. A large number of allergens were included in our battery in order to detect new sensitizations whose prevalence might justify further study.

Material and methods

This was a retrospective, observational, epidemiological study of 1092 patients, conducted in our skin allergy unit between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2005. All patients were studied with a battery of 51 allergens. We assessed the following variables: sex, age, type of referral, occupation, site and course of skin lesions, personal and family history of atopy, positive patch tests, clinical significance, diagnosis, source of sensitization, and occupational relationship.

Results

At least 1 positive result was found in 55% of the patients, and 55.7% presented contact dermatitis in one of its clinical variants: allergic contact dermatitis (28.2%), irritant contact dermatitis (20.1%), photoallergic contact dermatitis (2.2%), and phototoxic contact dermatitis (1.2%). The most prevalent allergens were nickel sulfate (29.3%), palladium chloride (11.7%), cobalt chloride (10.8%), potassium dichromate (7.5%), fragrance blends (6.3%), and p-phenylenediamine (6.1%).

A positive occupational relationship was found in 41.1%, and 21.3% of the patients studied were diagnosed with occupational contact dermatitis. Metalworkers, construction workers, and professional hairdressers were the most strongly represented groups. The most common source of sensitization was contact with metallic objects, followed by drugs, cosmetics, and rubber items. Female sex was the only independent variable that had a significant influence on the risk of contact sensitization in general.

Conclusion

Women became sensitized at a younger age than men, and the frequency of positive results in the patch tests increased with age, reaching a maximum at between 60 and 69 years of age, when the greatest rate of sensitization occurred. Comparison of our results with other Spanish data showed a progressive and constant increase in sensitization to nickel sulfate, fragrance blends, balsam of Peru, and Colophonium, and a decrease in sensitization to potassium dichromate. The inclusion of new allergens such as palladium chloride, diallyl disulfide, and p-toluene sulfonamide formaldehyde improved the sensitivity of the standard battery in the detection of contact sensitization. We therefore recommend further studies of these allergens.

Keywords:
Contact dermatitis
Allergic contact dermatitis
Contact allergens
Epidemiology
Standard battery
Patch tests
Resumen
Introducción

El eccema de contacto (EC) constituye una enfermedad cutánea relativamente frecuente en la práctica clínica, cuya prevalencia ha aumentado en los últimos años. El estudio mediante pruebas epicutáneas (PE) es fundamental e imprescindible en el diagnóstico de la sensibilización de contacto.

Objetivos

Estudiar la prevalencia de sensibilización a diferentes alérgenos de la serie de pruebas estándar y observar la influencia de diferentes variables epidemiológicas y clínicas en la sensibilización de contacto. Introducimos un amplio número de alérgenos en nuestra serie de pruebas con la finalidad de detectar nuevas sensibilizaciones, cuya prevalencia justifique un estudio más detallado de éstos.

Material y métodos

Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico, observacional y retrospectivo de 1.092 pacientes, llevado a cabo en nuestra unidad de alergia cutánea desde el 1 de enero de 2000 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2005. Se estudió a todos los pacientes con una serie de pruebas compuesta por 51 alérgenos. Valoramos las siguientes variables: sexo, edad, procedencia, profesión, localización y evolución de las lesiones cutáneas, antecedentes personales y familiares de atopia, positividad de las PE, relevancia clínica, diagnóstico, origen de la sensibilización y su relación profesional.

Resultados

El 55% de los pacientes estudiados tuvo alguna positividad y el 55,7% presentó EC en alguna de sus variedades clínicas: eccema alérgico de contacto (28,2%), eccema irritativo de contacto (20,1%), fotodermatitis alérgica de contacto (2,2%) y fotodermatitis tóxica de contacto (1,2%). Los alérgenos más prevalentes fueron sulfato de níquel (29,3%), cloruro de paladio (11,7%), cloruro de cobalto (10,8%), dicromato potásico (7,5%), mezcla de perfumes (6,3%) y parafenilendiamina (6,1%). El 41,1% de los pacientes con EC tuvo una relación profesional positiva y el 21,3% del total de los pacientes estudiados se diagnosticó de dermatitis de contacto profesional; los metalúrgicos, los trabajadores de la construcción y los peluqueros fueron los profesionales más representativos.

El origen más frecuente de las sensibilizaciones fue el contacto con objetos metálicos, seguido de los medicamentos, los cosméticos y los objetos de goma.

El sexo femenino fue la única variable independiente que influyó de forma significativa en la sensibilización de contacto en general.

Conclusiones

Las mujeres se sensibilizaron más precozmente que los hombres, y la prevalencia de positividad de las PE aumentó con la edad, y alcanzó el máximo a los 60-69 años, intervalo en el que también se encontró el mayor índice de sensibilización. Al comparar nuestros resultados con los nacionales, observamos un aumento progresivo y constante de la sensibilización al sulfato de níquel, a la mezcla de perfumes, al bálsamo del Perú y a la colofonia y un descenso en la sensibilización al dicromato potásico.

La introducción de nuevos alérgenos, como el cloruro de paladio, el dialil disulfuro y la resina de paratolueno sulfonamida formaldehído, mejoró la sensibilidad de la serie de pruebas estándar en la detección de la sensibilización de contacto. Por esto, aconsejamos más estudios sobre estos alérgenos.

Palabras clave:
Eccema de contacto
Dermatitis alérgica de contacto
Alérgenos de contacto
Epidemiología
Serie de pruebas estándar
Pruebas epicutáneas
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